Pertussis Immunization Programs in Low Income Countries

Background:

Vaccination of infants and young children with a whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccine dramatically decreased the mortality and morbidity due to B. pertussis. However, twenty-five years of "honeymoon" period, after the introduction of high vaccination coverage, reappearance of whooping cough cases in industrialized countries was observed in infants contaminated by adolescents and adults. This modification in transmission of the disease after the introduction of the wP vaccine indicated that the immunity provided by the vaccine is not lifelong, just like that provided by natural infection, and that it decreases7-9 years after the first vaccination and the first booster. Due to secondary effects, wP vaccines cannot be used for boosters. Moreover, the wP vaccines have been shown to be different in terms of efficacy (varying from 30 to 95%). Acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines consisting of purified and inactivated bacterial proteins, have therefore been developed and commercialized. These vaccines induce much fewer side effects and may therefore be used for primary-vaccination as well as for vaccine boosters. They are expensive but have more reproducible manufacturing. The humoral and long-term cell-mediated immunities granted by the aP vaccines have been shown to be comparable to the immunity granted by the wP vaccines, effective for 6-7 years after the booster vaccine in the second year of life, also inducing different cell immunity. Since 2007, the proportion of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis isolates no longer producing vaccine antigen(s) has increased in the industrialized countries that use aP vaccines. These isolates may decrease the efficacy of the aP vaccines. Does this type of isolates circulate in the Low income countries still using wP vaccines ? Does it reduce the efficacy of the wP vaccines? Moreover, the wP vaccines used in the Southern countries have not been assessed like the ones used in the Northern countries. In particular, the duration of protection after the primary-vaccination and a vaccine booster is not known.

Rational:

For various reasons, a large difference exits between the monitoring systems across the world: awareness of the disease is variable depending on the population; differences in the immunization coverage and strategies; diverse compositions of the vaccines used; but overall the large differences between the vaccines in terms of immunity against the disease, protection against infection and/or decrease in the transmission of the pathogen. The underestimation of pertussis is recognized by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the (Global Pertussis Initiative) who highlight the problem of the reliability of the declared data.

This situation is the result of i) limited use of biological diagnostics (problems in isolating the bacteria in the laboratories); ii) diagnostic errors due to the fact that diagnosis is mainly clinical ; iii) inadequate monitoring of the illness ; iv) a lack of awareness among physicians. Pertussis is not considered when it is comes to identifying the respiratory pathogen: most clinicians continue to consider it as only a child illness and ignore adult infections. The absence of an available tool allowing a reliable diagnostic to be made makes difficult to assess the real impact of this pathogen in child respiratory syndromes.