Feasibility, Accuracy, and Effect of Point-of-care Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra Testing in Patients Suspected of Having TB: a Randomised Controlled Trial

In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that there were there were an estimated 10.4 million new TB cases, 1.8 million deaths, and 580 000 cases of drug-resistant TB with 1.4 million deaths from TB among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negative people, and an additional 0.40 million deaths from HIV-associated TB. The African Region has approximately one quarter of the world's cases, and the highest rates of cases and deaths relative to population. The proportion of TB cases co-infected with HIV was highest in countries in the African Region; overall, 33% of TB cases were estimated to be co-infected with HIV in this region. South Africa is one of the countries with the highest number of incident cases in 2011 (410,000 - 600,000) making it one of the 22 high burden countries. Current estimates suggest that 330,000 of the incident cases are co-infected with HIV. Despite being declared an emergency in 1996 and the implementation of Direct Observed Therapy Short courses (DOTS) the case detection rate remains below the WHO target of 85%.

The DOTS strategy is promoted by the WHO as the optimal program to control the TB epidemic. According to the WHO, antibiotic treatment is effective in about 90% of patient, however, the duration of treatment places an enormous burden on health care services and patients often stop taking the treatment once the symptoms have improved. This implies that it is extremely challenging for TB control programmes to reach the WHO's target of 85% successful treatment. It is hypothesized that shortening the duration of treatment will significantly impact on adherence as well as treatment outcome. However therapeutic options are extremely limited given that there has been little antibiotic development over the past 40 years. The situation with respect to antibiotic resistant TB is considerably worse. Recent molecular epidemiological studies have provided convincing evidence that MDR-TB in South Africa is caused mostly by the transmission of MDR strains, as demonstrated by well-documented clonal outbreaks and elevated rates of primary resistance (in some places as high as 80%) among MDR-TB cases.

One of the effective means of combating drug resistant TB is the rapid diagnosis of any person with TB and detection of any potentially drug resistant TB strains in the early stages of the disease. Smear microscopy remains the state of the art diagnostic in many developing countries, but this method shows poor sensitivity which is further compromised by HIV co-infection. Culture-based methods remain the gold standard but are time consuming often leading to extensive diagnostic delays.

The WHO has called for expanding access to M. tuberculosis culture and drug susceptibility testing (DST) as part of the WHO Global laboratory strategic plan. Accordingly, 50% of the global population should have gained access to culture and DST services by 2010 and the scale-up should be completed by 2015, covering more than 5 billion people. But even if the access to culture and culture-based DST can be expanded in resource-poor settings, the slow turn-around time (several weeks) of culture-based DST limits the impact it has on treatment decisions and patient outcomes. This is especially true for HIV-infected TB suspects and children in whom a treatment decision should not be delayed due to rapid progression of disease and high risk of early mortality.

In June 2008, the WHO recommended the use of line probe assay (LPA) for rapid detection of MDR-TB in smear positive sputum specimens. These LPAs use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify regions of interest in the mycobacterial genome followed by reverse hybridization to sequence specific probes. The most prominent commercial DST product is the GenoType® MTBDRplus assay (HAIN Lifescience, GmbH, Nehren, Germany) for use in smear positive sputum samples or culture isolates. Both methods detect M. tuberculosis complex infection as well as mutations which cause RIF resistance (rpoB gene). The MTBDRplus assay can detect INH resistance by analysing the katG gene and the inhA promoter gene region. The sensitivity and specificity to detect INH and RIF resistance using the Genotype MTBDRplus has been shown to be high. In 2013, the Genotype MTBDRsl was endorsed by the WHO. This second line LPA assay allows the detection of resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, CAP, and EMB by targeting the gyrA, rrs and embB genes in M. tuberculosis, respectively. The sensitivity of the Genotype MTBDRsl ranges from 75 to 91% for detection of fluoroquinolone resistance, 77 to 85% for KANA resistance, 80 to 87% for CAP resistance, and 57 to 69% for EMB resistance.