Comparison of Standard Versus Double Dose of Amoxicillin in the Treatment of Non-Severe Pneumonia in Children Aged 2-59 Months: A Multi-Centre Randomized Double Blind Controlled Trial in Pakistan
试验速览
- 阶段
- 1 期
- 状态
- 已完成
- 发起方
- 入组人数
- 900
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- To compare standard vs double dose of oral amoxicillin for non-severe pneumonia in children < 5 age.
研究概览
简要总结
The World Health Organization's (WHO) standard case management strategy for reducing acute respiratory infection (ARI) related mortality recommends oral cotrimoxazole and oral amoxicillin as first line drugs for the treatment of pneumonia. In 1989, the Pakistan Ministry of Health (MOH) adopted this strategy to control ARI mortality and recommended cotrimoxazole for treatment of outpatients pneumonia due to lower costs. A number of studies subsequently performed have shown significant in vivo and in vitro resistance of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae, the commonest bacteria causing childhood pneumonia, to cotrimoxazole.
Although on a case by case basis for pneumonia, in vitro resistance does not correlate very well with in vivo failures, nevertheless, clinical failure rate for pneumonia therapy has increased in Pakistan over the years. One can hypothesize that if bacterial pneumonia is a certain proportion of all pneumonia cases, the rise in clinical failures may be related to increasing antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, it is probable that this rising clinical failure rate could be a reflection of increasing resistance. There may be an increase in antimicrobial resistance of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae to amoxicillin over the period of years and the rising treatment failure could be a reflection of the rising minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC's) (> 2 mcg/ml for H. influenzae, 1993-94), thereby, resulting in this increasing failure rate.
For the current study the researchers propose a multicentre, randomized, controlled double blind trial in which standard versus double dose oral amoxicillin for three days for the treatment of non-severe pneumonia in children less than five years of age will be compared.
Primary Objective:
To compare the proportion of children 2 - 59 months of age presenting with non-severe pneumonia, who achieve clinical resolution on day 5 with standard (15 mg/kg/8hrly) versus double dose (30 mg/kg/8hrly) of oral amoxicillin therapy given for 3 days.
Secondary Objective:
To follow the clinical course of non-severe pneumonia with the alternative criteria of treatment failure (signs of deterioration i.e. lower chest indrawing and appearance of danger signs) on or before day 3 and compare them with other children who have persistent fast breathing (respiratory rate above the cut off for age) on day 3.
Hypothesis:
Therapy outcome with double dose of oral amoxicillin is not different than the standard dose of amoxicillin, when used for three days for the treatment of non-severe pneumonia in 2-59 months old children.
详细描述
INTRODUCTION:
World Health Organization's (WHO) standard case management strategy for reducing ARI related mortality recommends oral cotrimoxazole and oral amoxicillin as first line drugs for the treatment of pneumonia. In 1989, the Pakistan Ministry of Health (MOH) adopted this strategy to control ARI mortality and recommended cotrimoxazole for treatment of outpatients pneumonia due to lower costs. A number of studies subsequently performed have shown significant in vivo and in vitro resistance of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae, the commonest bacteria causing childhood pneumonia, to cotrimoxazole.
This increase in clinical failure with oral cotrimoxazole has put a lot of pressure both at national and international forums on the National ARI Control Programme of Pakistan to change its recommendations from cotrimoxazole to amoxicillin as the first line of therapy. Besides being efficacious for non-severe pneumonia amoxicillin has shown good efficacy in children with severe pneumonia and bacteremic children.
Although on a case by case basis for pneumonia, in vitro resistance does not correlate very well with in vivo failures, one can hypothesize that if bacterial pneumonia is a certain proportion of all pneumonia cases, the rise in clinical failures may be related to increasing antimicrobial resistance of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae to amoxicillin.
It is felt that WHO criteria for treatment failure are too stringent. Improvement is defined as the return of respiratory rate to below the cut off for that particular age at 48 hours. Some of the children with viral pneumonia will continue to have respiratory rate above the cut off on the first follow-up. These children are otherwise well and show no signs of deterioration of the disease but according to WHO criteria they would be classified as treatment failure. The treatment failure rates hence are influenced by the definitions used.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Treatment
- 盲法
- Double
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 2 Months 至 59 Months（Child）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 否
入选标准
- •They are aged 2-59 months.
- •Diagnosed with WHO defined non-severe pneumonia
排除标准
- •Children with signs of WHO defined severe or very severe disease.
- •Known penicillin allergy, with a history of accelerated rash, urticaria, or anaphylactic symptoms. Complicating acute non-pulmonary or chronic illness.
- •The children living outside the municipal limits of the city who cannot be followed up.
- •Children who have taken the appropriate doses of WHO-recommended dose of antimicrobial drug for 48 hours prior to presentation.
- •Children who have prior history of wheezing or bronchial asthma and are wheezing now.
- •Children whose parents or guardians refuse to give consent.
- •Previously enrolled patients in the present study.
- •Hospitalization in the past two weeks.
结局指标
主要结局
To compare standard vs double dose of oral amoxicillin for non-severe pneumonia in children < 5 age.
次要结局
- To use modified treatment failure criteria on or before day 3 and compare them with WHO criteria for failure.