The Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Rope Training on Athletic Performance, Muscle Strength, and Hypertrophy in Male Volleyball Players
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 尚未招募
- 发起方
- 入组人数
- 26
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Muscle Thickness (Ultrasound) - Biceps, Triceps, Brachialis, Antrerior Deltoid, Upper Trapezius, Rectus Abdominis
研究概览
简要总结
The study will be conducted during the preparatory period of the volleyball players and will span eight weeks. Throughout this period, athletes will continue their regular volleyball training four days per week, while the experimental group (n = 10) will perform rope training with blood flow restriction (BFR) twice per week, and the control group (n = 10) will perform the same rope training without BFR. Assessments will be carried out at the beginning of the 8-week period (pre-test) and at the end of the intervention (post-test). For both groups, all exercises will target the upper-extremity muscle groups. During the study, participants will be instructed to avoid consuming any medications, engaging in additional strenuous physical activities, and using any techniques or ergogenic aids that might influence the results. In both testing sessions, a standardized warm-up protocol will be implemented, consisting of a 5-minute treadmill run at 9 km/h on a Sprint Runner device (Hoggan Health Industries, Draper, UT), followed by 3 minutes of light full-body stretching. This warm-up procedure will be applied consistently across both groups to ensure standardization.
详细描述
This study aims to investigate the effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) rope training on athletic performance, muscle strength, and muscle hypertrophy in male volleyball players through an eight-week intervention. Conducted during the athletes' preparatory period, the study requires participants to perform rope-training sessions four days per week in addition to their regular volleyball training. On the first day, all athletes will undergo anthropometric measurements, and a familiarization session will be conducted to minimize potential learning effects. Participants will then be randomly assigned to either a BFR rope-training experimental group (BFR) or a control group (CON) performing standard rope training. Both groups will follow a progressive training protocol consisting of three sets and five exercises, while the BFR group will train under a cuff pressure set at 60% of limb occlusion pressure (LOP). Throughout the training sessions, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), perceived discomfort (PD), OMNI-RES exercise difficulty, and PACES exercise enjoyment scores will be recorded. Pre- and post-intervention assessments will include ultrasound measurements of muscle thickness and cross-sectional area, one-repetition maximum (1RM) tests for biceps and triceps, upper-body strength tests (push-ups, sit-ups, and squats), shoulder strength using a Lafayette device, handgrip strength, aerobic endurance via the Yo-Yo IR1 test, anaerobic performance via the Wingate test, and volleyball serve speed measurements. All exercises will target upper-extremity muscle groups, and participants will be instructed to refrain from using any medications, ergogenic aids, or additional strenuous exercise that could influence outcomes. During both pre- and post-testing sessions, all athletes will complete a standardized warm-up protocol consisting of a 5-minute treadmill run at 9 km/h followed by 3 minutes of light full-body stretching. This comprehensive design aims to provide valuable insights into how BFR-based rope training influences performance adaptations in volleyball athletes.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Treatment
- 盲法
- Single (Participant)
盲法说明
Triple (Participant, Care Provider, Outcomes Assessor) Participants were strictly separated and think their intervention is the main intervention. The same is true for care providers. Outcome assessors were unaware of participant group status and were not allowed to ask correspondingly
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 18 Years 至 25 Years（Adult）
- 性别
- Male
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Being healthy
- •Male volleyball athletes
- •Willing to maintain the intervention for all sessions
排除标准
- •Being under 18 years old
- •Having a chronic disease
- •Contraindications for exercise
研究组 & 干预措施
Blood Pressure
Determination of Blood Pressure
干预措施: Blood Pressure (Other)
Muscle Strength
Determination of Muscle Strength
干预措施: Muscle Strength (Other)
Serve Speed
Determination of Serve Speed
干预措施: Serve Speed (Other)
Blood Flow Restriction (BFR)
Blood Flow Restriction Protocol
干预措施: Blood Flow Restriction (Other)
Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
Determination of Perceived Exertion
干预措施: Rating of Perceived Exertion (Other)
Battle Rope Training
Battle Rope Training Protocol
干预措施: Battle Rope Training (Other)
Arm Circumference
Arm Circumference Measurement
干预措施: Arm Circumference (Other)
Skeletal Muscle Endurance
Skeletal Muscle Endurance Tests (Sit-Up, Push-Up, and Pull-Up)
干预措施: Skeletal Muscle Endurance (Other)
Anaerobic Power
Anaerobic Power Assessment
干预措施: Anaerobic Power (Other)
Bench Press 1RM Test
Bench Press 1RM Test Measurement
干预措施: Bench Press 1RM Test (Other)
Triceps Push-Down 1RM Test
Triceps Push-Down 1RM Test Measurement
干预措施: Triceps Push-Down 1RM Test (Other)
Hand Grip Strength Test
Hand Grip Strength Test Measurement
干预措施: Hand Grip Strength Test (Other)
Yo-Yo IR1 Test
Yo-Yo IR1 Test Measurement
干预措施: Yo-Yo IR1 Test (Other)
Ultrasound (US)
Ultrasound (US) Measurements
干预措施: Ultrasound (US) (Other)
Perceived Discomfort Level
Determination of Perceived Discomfort Level
干预措施: Perceived Discomfort Level (Other)
Exercise Enjoyment
Exercise Enjoyment Assessment
干预措施: Exercise Enjoyment (Other)
Perceived Exertion Level (OMNI-RES)
Perceived Exertion Level Assessment
干预措施: Perceived Exertion Level (OMNI-RES) (Other)
结局指标
主要结局
Muscle Thickness (Ultrasound) - Biceps, Triceps, Brachialis, Antrerior Deltoid, Upper Trapezius, Rectus Abdominis
时间窗: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment
Change in muscle thickness (mm) from baseline to 8-week follow-up as measured by diagnostic ultrasound.
Muscle Cross-Sectional Area (CSA) - Biceps, Triceps, Brachialis, Antrerior Deltoid, Upper Trapezius, Rectus Abdominis
时间窗: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment.
Change in muscle CSA (cm²) for specified muscles combined or reported individually from baseline to 8-week follow-up as measured by diagnostic ultrasound.
1-Repetition Maximum (1RM) - Bench Press and Triceps Push-Down
时间窗: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment.
Change in bench Press and triceps push-down 1RM (kg) from baseline to 8-week follow-up.
Shoulder Internal/External Rotation Strength
时间窗: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment
Change in peak isometric rotation force (kg) for dominant and non-dominant shoulders (measured by handheld dynamometer, make test) from baseline to 8-week follow-up.
Hand Grip Strength
时间窗: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment.
Change in maximal handgrip strength (kg) from baseline to 8-week follow-up measured with a calibrated dynamometer
Upper-Body Muscular Endurance - Push-Up, Sit-Up, Pull-Up
时间窗: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment
Change in number of repetitions to volitional fatigue for push-up, sit-up, and pull-up tests from baseline to 8-week follow-up.
Serve Speed
时间窗: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment
Change in maximum volleyball serve speed (km/h) from baseline to 8-week follow-up measured by radar.
Aerobic Intermittent Endurance - Yo-Yo IR1
时间窗: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment
Change in Yo-Yo IR1 performance (VO2max) from baseline to 8-week follow-up.
Perceived Exertion - RPE (Borg 6-20)
时间窗: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment
Change in session RPE (Borg 6-20 score), averaged across training sessions, from baseline to 8-week follow-up.
Anaerobic Power - Wingate Test
时间窗: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment
Change in peak power and mean power (W and W·kg-¹) derived from the 30-s Wingate test from baseline to 8-week follow-up.
Perceived Discomfort (RPD)
时间窗: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment
Change in perceived discomfort scores (0-10 scale) for whole body and arm-specific measures from baseline to 8-week follow-up.
OMNI-RES (Resistance Exercise Perceived Exertion)
时间窗: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment
Change in OMNI-RES average score (0-10) across sessions from baseline to 8-week follow-up.
Exercise Enjoyment (PACES)
时间窗: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment
Change in exercise enjoyment score (8-item PACES, score range 1-7) from baseline to 8-week follow-up.
次要结局
- Anthropometric Measurements 1(Baseline)
- Anthropometric Measurements 3(Baseline)
- Anthropometric Measurements 2(Baseline)
- Anthropometric Measurements 4(Baseline)
研究者
Neslihan AKÇAY
Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Karabuk University