Treating Cognitive Deficits in Spinal Cord Injury

Not Applicable

Completed

• Conditions: Cerebral Blood Flow; Blood Pressure; Spinal Cord Injury; Cognitive Function
• Interventions: Other: SPT; Other: mSMT; Other: SPT Control; Other: mSMT Control

• Registration Number: NCT03037879
• Lead Sponsor: James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Brief Summary

Multiple studies in the spinal cord injury (SCI) population have documented deficits in learning and memory (LM) and processing speed (PS) that adversely impact daily life and the ability to benefit from rehabilitation. The investigators have previously attributed the cognitive deficits demonstrated in the SCI population to low blood pressure (BP) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) and are currently conducting a study to determine the effect of a 30-day elevation in BP (using midodrine hydrochloride - an alpha agonist) on CBF and cognitive performance compared to placebo in hypotensive individuals with SCI. In addition, the investigators believe that cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) may improve cognition independent of changes in BP and CBF in individuals with SCI. The current randomized clinical trial (RCT) will examine the efficacy of 2 treatment protocols shown to be effective in improving cognitive performance in other neurologically impaired populations for use in persons with SCI demonstrating (1) LM impairment and/or (2) PS impairment on objective measures of cognitive functioning during a complete Neuropsychological assessment. Two methods of outcome assessment will be used to examine treatment impact: (1) a traditional Neuropsychological assessment (NP) and (2) an assessment of global functioning (AGF) composed of broader outcome measures that examine the impact of the treatment on everyday life activities. In this way, the investigators will be able to objectively evaluate the presence or absence of changes in memory performance through a NP assessment, while also evaluating the impact of this treatment protocol on everyday life through the AGF. While most studies evaluating the efficacy of cognitive retraining usually employ a pre- and post-training evaluation, such evaluations have been criticized for their lack of ecological validity (i.e., real world generalizability). The present design allows the assessment of the efficacy of these treatment techniques within an SCI population using traditional measures, as well as the assessment of the impact that treatment has on everyday life. The investigators will additionally evaluate the long-term efficacy by including a 6-month post-treatment follow-up. Few studies examine long-term effects, but given the time, labor and expense involved, it is critical to demonstrate long-term efficacy.

Detailed Description

104 individuals with SCI will be recruited for eligibility to participate in the study. Participants will be randomly assigned to 4 groups (n=26 per group) story memory technique (mSMT), mSMT control, speed of processing training (SPT) and SPT control.

The study involves 14 visits spread over 8 months. A screening visit, lasting approximately 1 hour. 3 testing sessions lasting 3-4 hours each (Baseline, Immediate and Long-term follow-ups), and 10 intervention sessions that will last approximately 45 minutes each.

Screening: Prior to enrollment in the study protocol, all potential subjects will undergo cognitive screening to determine eligibility for participation.

Baseline: After passing screening, subjects will be scheduled for the baseline evaluation comprised of a cardiovascular/cerebrovascular assessment and cognitive evaluation.

Intervention: Subjects will undergo 10 sessions of training in one of the 4 randomized groups.

Immediate Follow-up Assessment: Subjects will undergo a repeat of the baseline assessments upon completion of the intervention protocol to document changes in PS, LM, BP and CBF following treatment.

Long-Term Follow-up: Subjects will be asked to return to the laboratory 6 months following the intervention for evaluation of the maintenance of the treatment effect over time. Baseline and Immediate follow-up measures of PS, LM, BP and CBF will be documented.

Study Timeline

• Study First Submitted: 2017-01-25
• Study First Submitted QC: 2017-01-27
• Study First Posted: 2017-01-31
• Study Start: 2017-04-13
• Primary Completion: 2021-09-30
• Study Completion: 2021-09-30
• Status Verified: 2023-06
• Last Update Submitted: 2023-06-23
• Last Update Posted: 2023-06-26

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: COMPLETED
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 10

Inclusion Criteria

• Primary language is English;
• Level of Spinal Cord Injury between C1 and T12;
• Non-ambulatory (wheelchair dependent);
• American Spinal Injury Association (AISA) grade A, B or C;
• Spinal Cord Injury occurred more than 1 year ago.

Exclusion Criteria

• Acute illness or infection.
• Documented history of:
• Controlled or uncontrolled Hypertension or Diabetes Mellitus;
• Stroke;
• Multiple sclerosis & Parkinson's disease;
• Psychiatric disorders (post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia; bipolar disorder);
• Pre-screen MoCA score of < 22 (to rule out dementia);
• Vision impaired - more than 20/60 in worst eye (with prescription eyewear).
• Currently prescribed steroids, benzodiazepines, or neuroleptics.

Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
SPT	SPT	Speed of Processing Training
mSMT	mSMT	Story Memory Technique
Control Group SPT	SPT Control	Control group to SPT treatment group
Control mSMT	mSMT Control	Control group to mSMT treatment group

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Neuropsychological Tests [Change from baseline at immediate follow up (post treatment) and long term follow-up (6months post treatment)]	Screening (before baseline measures), Baseline, Immediate Follow-up (about 2 months after baseline), Long-term Follow-up (6 months after immediate follow-up)	NP testing will be conducted to document levels of cognitive performance. NP assessment will identify persons who qualifies for study participation.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Systolic Blood Pressure [Change from baseline at immediate follow up (post treatment) and long term follow-up (6months post treatment)]	Baseline, Immediate Follow-up (about 2 months after baseline), Long-term Follow-up (6 months after immediate follow-up)	Brachial BP will be measured by a trained technician using a standard adult BP cuff (GE Healthcare Information Technologies, Milwaukee, WI) at 60-second intervals. Beat-to-beat finger arteriolar BP will be monitored continuously from the left middle or ring finger using photoplethysmography (FMS: Finometer, model 2; Amsterdam, Netherlands).
Diastolic Blood Pressure [Change from baseline at immediate follow up (post treatment) and long term follow-up (6months post treatment)]	Baseline, Immediate Follow-up (about 2 months after baseline), Long-term Follow-up (6 months after immediate follow-up)	Brachial BP will be measured by a trained technician using a standard adult BP cuff (GE Healthcare Information Technologies, Milwaukee, WI) at 60-second intervals. Beat-to-beat finger arteriolar BP will be monitored continuously from the left middle or ring finger using photoplethysmography (FMS: Finometer, model 2; Amsterdam, Netherlands).
Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity [Change from baseline at immediate follow up (post treatment) and long term follow-up (6months post treatment)]	Baseline, Immediate Follow-up (about 2 months after baseline), Long-term Follow-up (6 months after immediate follow-up)	A transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound probe will be used to locate the left middle cerebral artery (MCA). Once the MCA is located a head harness will be used to secure probe placement for assessment of resting cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFv).

Trial Locations

Locations (1)

Kessler Foundation; 🇺🇸 West Orange, New Jersey, United States