Handwriting Intervention, With vs. Without a Rightward Bias, in a Junior High School-A Randomized Controlled Study
Overview
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Intervention
- Not specified
- Conditions
- Developmental Dysgraphia
- Sponsor
- Mary H. Teng
- Enrollment
- 16
- Primary Endpoint
- SML excels CON in script letter legibility
- Status
- Completed
- Last Updated
- 7 years ago
Overview
Brief Summary
Children who attend School-Based Occupational Therapy (SBOT) show mixed dominance and a liable decreased in the structural and functional differentiation between the two hemispheres. The lack of right-left disparity has been found to link to mirror invariance, poor spatial organization, fragmentary reversals, and handwriting difficulty. This study intends to find out, whether, Sensory Motor Lateralization (SML), "With" a rightward bias, profits handwriting more than the conventional (CON) "Without".
Detailed Description
10 to 30% of school children suffer handwriting difficulty. Many of them are eventually referred to SBOT for remedial intervention. Among these children, 70% show mixed dominance in their hand and/or leg use, and a likely functional and structural interhemispherical asymmetry reduction. This would make them right-left symmetrical. Learning, thus, may be challenged, because people who are right-left balanced would not have a consistent reference point to process the learning materials regularly in any pre-determined directions. They are, thus, prone to suffer mirror invariance, fragmentary reversal errors, and handwriting difficulty, especially with the fast and accurate construction of asymmetrical letters from memory. To enhance right-left disparity, dispel mirror invariance, and facilitate the automatized handwriting, SML preferentially belabors one's right eye, ear, hand and leg in therapy, that would greater engage the left hemisphere for its acclaimed vantages over learning. This study investigates, whether SML, wielding such a rightward bias, profits handwriting greater than CON.
Investigators
Mary H. Teng
Principal Investigator
Teng, Mary H.
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria
- •Any Special or Regular Education students with Individualized Education Plans (IEPs), OT mandates, and handwriting goals.
- •Has Intelligence Quotient (IQ) equal to or above
- •Ambulatory.
- •Proficient in English, and fluent in naming, identifying, and accessing the sequence of letters in the alphabet.
- •The students who attend Physical Therapy (PT), Adaptive Physical Education (PE), and any other programs are included, if the programs being provided are skill-, theme-, or task-oriented, not involving any muscle strengthening activities.
Exclusion Criteria
- •All are excluded, if the study candidates have any medical condition(s) that would prohibit them from the full physical participation in school.
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
SML excels CON in script letter legibility
Time Frame: Change from Baseline percent accuracy score at 3 months
Assess by the percent accuracy score of script letter legibility derived from the Wold Sentence Copying Test (WSCT). The letter legibility score was calculated by counting the total number of letters the participant wrote minus the writing errors per THS-R criteria, divided by the total number of characters written, and multiplied by 100. The minimum is 0, and the maximum is 100. The higher values represent better treatment outcome.
SML excels CON in manuscript letter legibility
Time Frame: Change from Baseline percent accuracy score at 3 months
Assess by the percent accuracy score of manuscript letter legibility derived from the Wold Sentence Copying Test (WSCT). TThe letter legibility score was calculated by counting the total number of letters the participant wrote minus the writing errors per THS-R criteria, divided by the total number of characters written, and multiplied by 100. The minimum is 0, and the maximum is 100. The higher values represent better treatment outcome.
SML excels CON in manuscript transcription speed
Time Frame: Change from Baseline letters per minute at 3 months
Assess by WSCT.Speed was derived from the total number of letters written timed 60, divided by the total number of seconds used, and recorded as number of letters per minute. The minimum is 0, and there is no maximum. The higher values represent better treatment outcome.
SML excels CON in script transcription speed
Time Frame: Change from Baseline letters per minute at 3 months
Assess by WSCT. Speed was derived from the total number of letters written timed 60, divided by the total number of seconds used, and recorded as number of letters per minute. The minimum is 0, and there is no maximum. The higher values represent better treatment outcome.