Impaired Endothelial Glycocalyx Predicts Adverse Outcome in Subjects Without Overt Cardiovascular Disease: a 6 Year Follow up Study

Blood pressure is measured in each subject with the aid of a digital oscillometric sphygmomanometer (TensioMed, Budapest Hungary, Ltd). Each subject rests in a quiet room at 25°C for 30 minutes before the examination. The cuff is placed in the right arm, while the subject is seated. The diagnosis of hypertension is made on the basis of:1) systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg/diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg after 3 consecutive measurements or 2) the participant is receiving antihypertensive treatment. Moreover fasting blood samples are drawn to identify the presence of diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia in our sample. Specifically, DM is determined by either plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl measured by the enzymatic in vitro test (Roche, automatic chemistry clinical analyzer) or treatment with antidiabetic agents . Similarly, hyperlipidemia was defined by either Total Cholesterol ≥230 mg/dl, and/or LDL ≥160 mg/dl, and /or TGs ≥200 mg /dl measured by the colorimetric spectrophotometry (Roche Diagnostics) or the use of lipid lowering agents according to the running guidelines held during the initial examination. Additionally, smokers are considered only those participants who are actively smoking at the time of enrollment . Also, the presence of positive family history of coronary artery disease is defined as coronary disease in a first degree female relative before 65 years or a male relative before 55 years of age. BMI is calculated as the ratio of weight (kg) to the square of height (m2). Furthermore, SCORE estimation system is used to calculate the 10-year cardiovascular risk for each participant.

As far as ethnicity is concerned, an individual is not considered Greek in case he/she was born abroad and also has at least a foreigner parent or he/she is born in Greece but both parents were foreigners. Inversely, a subject was considered Greek if they and simultaneously both parents were born in Greece.

Exclusion criteria are the history of Coronary artery disease (CAD), Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD), Heart failure (HF), Stroke, hepatic or renal failure, active neoplasia and poorly controlled DM, defined as Hba1C>7%.

ENDOTHELIAL GLYCOCALYX EVALUATION The researchers quantified the perfused boundary region (PBR, measured in μm) of the sublingual microvasculature by using Sideview Darkfield Imaging (Microscan, Glycocheck, Microvascular Health Solutions Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA) . Briefly, SDF camera utilizes green reflected light emitting diode (LED) light (540 nm) from hemoglobin molecules to depict the radial displacements of RBCs within the microvessels . The camera is inserted under the tongue and captures more than 3000 vascular segments of vessels with diameter ranging from 5 μm to 25 μm. The images are obtained automatically by the Glycocheck software . Afterwards the system checks the quality of the recordings and selects the valid frames (contrast enhancement greater than 60%), which are going to be further analyzed . The RBC column width, as well as the total perfused diameter of microvessels is estimated by the software with high accuracy. Then PBR is calculated by the formula [Perfused Diameter- RBC column width]/2.The software also provides the PBR of vessels with diameter 5-9μm, 10-19μm, 20-25μm and the mean 5-25μm As a result, PBR expresses the outer area of the vessels' lumen that is vulnerable to RBC penetration and is consistent with the integrity of glycocalyx layer. Thus, high PBR values are considered as indicator of damaged endothelial glycocalyx with affected barrier properties, which allows high spatio-temporal distribution of RBCs. On the other hand Conversely, low PBR values are associated with robust thick glycocalyx layer. The whole procedure lasts for approximately 3 minutes, does not require high expertise, is operator independent, has satisfactory reproducibility and thus is highly recommended as a validated technique for the assessment of endothelial glycocalyx function . The PBR measurements are independent of red blood cell filling of the vessels segments (hematocrit), because the software only includes vessel segments that have a filling percentage of more than 50%. Hence, vessel segments are only selected when at least 11 of the 21-line markers have a positive signal for the presence of an erythrocyte. Thus, PBR values are independent of hematocrit, reflecting a damaged glycocalyx that is more accessible for circulating erythrocytes .

In the current study the evaluation of PBR takes place between 9:00 and 11:00, after 8 hours fasting and abstinence from alcohol and smoking and temporary discontinuation of medications for 48 h before the examination as well.