The Effectiveness of an Individual Counselling Program in Coping With Fear of Childbirth: A Randomized Controlled Study
Overview
- Phase
- N/A
- Intervention
- Not specified
- Conditions
- Fear of Childbirth
- Sponsor
- Aydin Adnan Menderes University
- Enrollment
- 70
- Locations
- 1
- Primary Endpoint
- Childbirth Self-Efficacy after intervention
- Status
- Completed
- Last Updated
- 5 years ago
Overview
Brief Summary
A randomized control trial was made to developing an individual counseling program to help women cope with their fear of childbirth and testing the program for effectiveness.
Detailed Description
Fear of childbirth is a common problem among women and one that affects their health and welfare before and during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. The problem can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes and also cause a woman to experience psychological issues. Fear of childbirth can also influence the determination of the mode of delivery and can amount to a rise in cesarean rates. The healthcare provided by midwives and other healthcare professionals during pregnancy and childbirth have the power to reduce or exacerbate childbirth fears. The most significant midwifery intervention that can be used to diminish the fear of childbirth is counseling. There is a need to develop and test individual counseling models that require the basic training skills that midwives can use as part of their routine care to address women's fears and expectations about childbirth. The individual counseling program developed in this context may be an easy-to-implement and cost-effective method to use. This study was conducted for the purposes of developing an individual counseling program to help women cope with their fear of childbirth and testing the program for effectiveness. It was tested the hypotheses that there is no difference between the intervention and control groups of pregnant women after the intervention in terms of fear of childbirth, childbirth self-efficacy and state anxiety scores and childbirth outcomes (duration of labor, mode of delivery, elective and emergency cesarean rates, postpartum hypertension and need for a blood transfusion, the admittance of the newborn into the intensive care unit, preferences for future births and duration of stay in hospital).
Investigators
Gizem Öztürk
Research Assistant
Aydin Adnan Menderes University
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria
- •Primiparas
- •Ages between 18-35
- •Lived in Aydın
- •In gestational week 28-30,
- •Pregnant with a single child
- •Minimum a primary school graduate (since the questionnaires would be filled out by self-reporting)
- •In a low-risk pregnancy (on the basis of the criteria of the Ministry of Health),
- •Willing to divulge their own or their husband's telephone numbers,
Exclusion Criteria
- •High-risk pregnancy who had psychological and mental health problems
- •History of infertility
- •Speech and hearing disabilities
- •Substance or narcotics users
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Childbirth Self-Efficacy after intervention
Time Frame: 36-38 gestational weeks
assessed using the Childbirth Self-efficacy Inventory-Short Form. The instrument measure levels of self-efficacy during labor. The scale is comprised of two subscales-outcome expectancies and self-efficacy expectancies. In the outcome expectancies subscale, responses range from 1: "not at all helpful" to 10: "very helpful," while in the self-efficacy expectancies subscale, the first 13 items are marked as 1: "Completely sure," to 10: "Not at all sure" and items 14-16 receive a score of 1: "Not at all sure" to 10: "Completely sure." All the responses to the inventory are based on a 10-point Likert-type scale. The lowest possible score on the Childbirth Self-efficacy Inventory is 32; the highest is 320. The higher the score, the more self-efficacy and confidence the pregnant woman has.
State Anxiety before intervention
Time Frame: 28-30 gestational weeks
assessed using the State Anxiety Inventory. The instrument is composed of 20 items. The total possible score on the instrument varies between 20-80. The measurements according to the State Anxiety Inventory scores indicate no anxiety at a score of 0-19, moderate anxiety at 20-39, a high level of anxiety at 40-59, severe anxiety at 60-79 and panic-evoking anxiety at 80 and above.
Mode of Delivery
Time Frame: 12th-24th hour after the birth
used to determine the mode of delivery. Mode of delivery was recorded by the researcher to the postpartum questionnaire as vaginal or cesarean section.
Elective and Emergency Cesarean Rates
Time Frame: 12th-24th hour after the birth
used to determine the elective and emergency cesarean rates. Elective and emergency cesarean rates were recorded by the researcher to postpartum questionnaires as yes or no from hospital record.
Fear of childbirth after birth
Time Frame: 12th-24th hour after the birth
assessed using the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire- Version B. This instrument contains questions on women's postpartum experiences to measure the nature of the fear experienced during and following childbirth. The instrument makes it possible to identify the nature of the fear of childbirth women feel after their delivery. This scale contain 33 questions. Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire- Version-B is based on a 6-point Likert scale where the responses are numbered from 1-6 and one corresponds to the response, "Totally" and six means "none." The total possible score on the scale varies between 33-198. Higher scores indicate greater levels of Fear of Childbirth.
Fear of childbirth before intervention
Time Frame: 28-30 gestational weeks
assessed using the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire- Version A. This instrument contains questions on women's prenatal expectations to measure the nature of the fear experienced during and following childbirth. The instrument makes it possible to identify the nature of the fear of childbirth women feel before their delivery. This scale contain 33 questions. Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire- Version A is based on a 6-point Likert scale numbered 0-5. Zero corresponds to the response, "Totally" and five means "none." The minimum possible score on the scale is a "0"; maximum is 165. Higher scores indicate greater levels of Fear of Childbirth.
Childbirth Self-Efficacy before intervention
Time Frame: 28-30 gestational weeks
assessed using the Childbirth Self-efficacy Inventory-Short Form. The instrument measure levels of self-efficacy during labor. The scale is comprised of two subscales-outcome expectancies and self-efficacy expectancies. In the outcome expectancies subscale, responses range from 1: "not at all helpful" to 10: "very helpful," while in the self-efficacy expectancies subscale, the first 13 items are marked as 1: "Completely sure," to 10: "Not at all sure" and items 14-16 receive a score of 1: "Not at all sure" to 10: "Completely sure." All the responses to the inventory are based on a 10-point Likert-type scale. The lowest possible score on the Childbirth Self-efficacy Inventory is 32; the highest is 320. The higher the score, the more self-efficacy and confidence the pregnant woman has.
Fear of childbirth after intervention
Time Frame: 36-38 gestational weeks
assessed using the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire- Version A. This instrument contains questions on women's prenatal expectations to measure the nature of the fear experienced during and following childbirth. The instrument makes it possible to identify the nature of the fear of childbirth women feel before their delivery. This scale contain 33 questions. Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire- Version A is based on a 6-point Likert scale numbered 0-5. Zero corresponds to the response, "Totally" and five means "none." The minimum possible score on the scale is a "0"; maximum is 165. Higher scores indicate greater levels of Fear of Childbirth.
State Anxiety after intervention
Time Frame: 36-38 gestational weeks
assessed using the Childbirth Self-efficacy Inventory-Short Form. The instrument measure levels of self-efficacy during labor. The scale is comprised of two subscales-outcome expectancies and self-efficacy expectancies. In the outcome expectancies subscale, responses range from 1: "not at all helpful" to 10: "very helpful," while in the self-efficacy expectancies subscale, the first 13 items are marked as 1: "Completely sure," to 10: "Not at all sure" and items 14-16 receive a score of 1: "Not at all sure" to 10: "Completely sure." All the responses to the inventory are based on a 10-point Likert-type scale. The lowest possible score on the Childbirth Self-efficacy Inventory is 32; the highest is 320. The higher the score, the more self-efficacy and confidence the pregnant woman has.
Duration of labor
Time Frame: 12th-24th hour after the birth
used to determine the duration of labor. Duration of labor was recorded by the researcher to postpartum questionnaire as hours from hospital record.
Secondary Outcomes
- Preferences for Future Births(12th-24th hour after the birth)
- Postpartum hypertension(12th-24th hour after the birth)
- Admittance of the Newborn into the Intensive Care Unit(12th-24th hour after the birth)
- Need for a blood transfusion(12th-24th hour after the birth)