The Effect of Manual Therapy and Therapeutic Exercises on Pain and Functional Status in Persons With Chronic Non-specific Low Back Pain

Change from baseline Mobility of the lumbar spine at 6 weeks

时间窗: Baseline and after 6 weeks

The Schober test was used to assess lumbar spine mobility. The test is performed with the subject standing upright, arms at the sides, and the examiner locates the midline between the iliac crests, on the dorsal side, and marks the first point there. A second point is marked 10 cm above the first point. 5 cm below the first marked point, a third point shall be marked. The subject is then asked to bend forward as far as he or she can without pain and without bending the knees, and the distance between the first and the third point is measured with a centimetre tape. The test is negative if the distance between the marked points is 7 cm or more and positive if the distance is less than 7 cm, indicating limited mobility of the lumbar spine.

Change from baseline Back muscle static endurance at 6 weeks

时间窗: Baseline and after 6 weeks

Static back muscle endurance test - Ito. The subject lies on his/her stomach, arms at his/her sides, palms up. The subject lifts the upper trunk to the lower sternum from the lying surface. The test is terminated if the subject remains standing for more than 300 seconds. If the subject does not maintain the position and touches the ground or experiences unpleasant sensations and/or pain, the test shall also be terminated.

Change from baseline Pain at 6 weeks

时间窗: Baseline and after 6 weeks

Pain was assessed using a Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) that used a 10-cm line with end-point descriptors such as 'no pain' marked at the left end and 'worst pain imaginable' marked at the right end. Patients were asked to mark a point on the line that best represented their pain at the time of the evaluation. The distance from 'no pain' to the patient's mark was then measured and recorded as the NRS score: 0 cm was defined as no pain, 1-3 cm as mild pain, 4 or 5 cm as moderate pain, 6-8 cm as severe pain and 9 or 10 cm as the worst pain imaginable.

Change from baseline Abdominal muscle static endurance at 6 weeks

时间窗: Baseline and after 6 weeks

Static abdominal muscle endurance test - Kraus-Weber. The subject lies on the back, knees bent at 90 degrees, arms crossed over the chest. The subject flexes the thorax, i.e. pulls the lower shoulder blade away from the surface, and is isometrically holds the body in this position. The test is terminated if the subject remains in this position for more than 300 seconds. The test shall be terminated when the lower scapular angle descends downwards and is no longer maintained or when the subject experiences unpleasant sensations and/or pain.

Change from baseline Oswestry Disability Index for functional status at 6 weeks

时间窗: Baseline and after 6 weeks

The Oswestry questionnaire (ODI) was used to assess the impact of back pain on functional status and disability. It consists of ten questions (pain intensity, self-care, lifting objects, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, sexual life, social life and travelling). There are six answer options for each question, and the value of each question ranges from 0 (no problems/no disability) to 5 (major problems/major disability in this area). The total ODI score is calculated as the sum of the scores for each question and the total ODI score ranges from 0 to 50. The percentage of scores is calculated as follows: sum of scores / 50 x 100 = percentage (%). The lower the score, the lower the impact of pain on functional status.

Change from baseline Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire at 6 weeks

时间窗: Baseline and after 6 weeks

The Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire consists of 24 statements relating to daily living and physical activities such as personal care, sleep, work and walking. The scale ranges from 0 to 24, with the highest score indicating maximum functional disability.

Change from baseline Kinesiophobia at 6 weeks

时间窗: Baseline and after 6 weeks

The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia was used to assess the fear of movement or repetitive trauma in pain patients. The highest score indicates a high level of kinesiphobia.