The Effect of Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Volatile Induction and Maintenance Anesthesia on Perioperative Blood Glucose and Insulin Levels in Patients Undergoing Lung Lobectomy

Before surgery, glycopyrrolate (0.2 mg) was administered intramuscularly. Immediately after arrival in the operating room, blood pressure, electrocardiogram and oxygen saturation are measured and monitored, and a bispectral index (BIS) is attached to the patient's forehead to determine the appropriate anesthetic depth during surgery. A 22G angiocatheter is inserted into the radial artery after local anesthesia with lidocaine to monitor the blood pressure in real time and to collect blood for arterial blood gas analysis during one side of pulmonary ventilation. General anesthesia induces loss of consciousness by using a randomly assigned systemic anesthetic (sevoflurane inhalation or propofol infusion). In the VIMA group, when 8% sevoflurane is inhaled with 100% oxygen at 6 L / min and the consciousness is lost, the concentration of sevoflurane is reduced to 2-3% and then the mask is ventilated. In the TIVA group, target controlled infusion (TCI) was performed with propofol 4 mcg / ml, and the patient was ventilated after disappearance of consciousness. When the consciousness of the subject is lost, remifentanil is administered as TCI with a target concentration of 1 ng / ml as an analgesic agent, and rocuronium 0.5 mg / kg is administered intravenously for intubation in both groups. If the patient's anesthesia depth is between BIS 40-60 and the respiratory muscles are fully relaxed, tracheal intubation is performed using the double lumen endobronchial tube (DLT). After confirming the DLT reaches the proper position with a flexible bronchoscope, mechanical ventilation is started by administering 50% oxygen. The central venous catheter is inserted into the operative subclavian vein and the central venous pressure is continuously monitored during the operation. During surgery, rocuronium is administered continuously so that the train-of-four (TOF) remains below two responses. In addition, warm blanket and warm air are supplied to the rest of the body except for the surgical site so that the patient can maintain normothermia during the operation. In all patients, surgery should start between 8:30 am and 9:00 am in order to prevent volatility of blood cortisol levels by activity cycle. During surgery, general anesthesia should be adjusted to maintain BIS 40-60, and remifentanil TCI should be maintained at 1 ng / ml for pain during surgery. The mean blood pressure during surgery is aimed at maintaining a 30% range on baseline so that hypotension or hypertension does not last more than 5 minutes. Hypotension and hypertension are controlled by intravenous injection of phenylephrine (50 μg / ml) and nicardipine (500 μg / ml), respectively. At the end of the operation and after the paravertebral block to control the postoperative pain, the administration of the general anesthetic and remifentanil is stopped and the spontaneous breathing is tried to be recovered. When patients begin spontaneous breathing, the effect of the remaining neuromuscular blockers is reversed using pyridostigmine (0.2 mg / kg) and glycopyrrolate (0.008 mg / kg). All patients are fully conscious and have a spontaneous respiration when they are exhaled and transferred to the postanesthetic care unit (PACU). PACU administers oxygen through a facial mask and monitors blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen saturation. Patients should be given 1 ug / kg of fentanyl when the visual analog scale (VAS) scores exceed 4 points