Effects of Expressive Art Therapy Applied to Earthquake Victims Who Have Experienced Loss on Psychological Symptoms and Post-Traumatic Growth: A Randomized Controlled Study
Trial Snapshot
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Status
- Active, not recruiting
- Sponsor
- Enrollment
- 42
- Locations
- 1
- Primary Endpoint
- Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)
Study Overview
Brief Summary
Earthquakes can negatively affect individuals' mental health by creating serious traumatic effects on individual and societal levels. Traumatic experiences such as losing one's home or workplace, being injured, or losing a loved one cause individuals to develop long-term psychological symptoms. In this context, strengthening psychosocial support programs aimed at coping with psychological and social problems after an earthquake is of great importance. In this study, the effect of expressive art therapy applied to individuals who experienced losses due to the earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaraş on psychological symptoms and post-traumatic growth was examined.
Detailed Description
A randomized controlled intervention design with pre-test-post-follow-up measurements was used, which is one of the quantitative research methods. In line with the power analysis, a total of 42 participants, 21 in each group, constituted the research sample. The distribution of participants to the intervention and control groups was made with stratified block randomization. The inclusion criteria of the study included being 18 years of age or older, knowing Turkish, and having experienced material and moral loss due to the earthquake; while the exclusion criteria were mental illness or receiving active psychosocial support. The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and the Post-Traumatic Growth Scale (PTS) were used as data collection tools. The intervention process includes a six-session expressive arts therapy program. The scales will be administered online at pre-test, post-test and two-month follow-up. Data will be evaluated with repeated measures and two-way variance analyses. It is expected that this study will contribute to post-traumatic recovery processes and art-based psychosocial interventions.
Study Design
- Study Type
- Interventional
- Allocation
- Randomized
- Intervention Model
- Parallel
- Primary Purpose
- Treatment
- Masking
- Single (Participant)
Masking Description
The study participants were assigned to the intervention and control groups using stratified block randomization. Block size and random assignment to the intervention and control groups were determined by an independent statistician. Participants in the study were stratified according to age (34 years and under, 35 years and over) and gender (female and male). Researcher blinding could not be performed because the researchers were involved in the implementation of the intervention program, data collection, and analysis phases. Participants were blinded by not disclosing which group they were in. In order to keep bias under control, the block group separation and randomization process of the stratified participants was performed by a statistician other than the researcher, and the researcher was not involved in this process. Data analysis was performed by an independent statistician who did not know the assignment and coding of the intervention and control groups.
Eligibility Criteria
- Ages
- 18 Years to — (Adult, Older Adult)
- Sex
- All
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- No
Inclusion Criteria
- •Being 18 years of age or older,
- •Being able to understand, speak and write Turkish,
- •Having directly experienced the earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaraş, -
- •Having experienced material and moral losses due to the earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaraş
Exclusion Criteria
- •Having a neurological disorder that prevents communication,
- •Actively receiving any psychosocial support/counseling
Arms & Interventions
Intervention
After the pre-test, the intervention program was started for the intervention group. The expressive arts therapy program was applied in six sessions, each session lasting 60-90 minutes. All sessions were conducted online. Each session started with greetings and mood control, then a brief evaluation of the previous week was made. The sessions consisted of three stages: giving instructions by the researcher, participants performing artistic actions with appropriate art elements and techniques, and participants working on sharing their artistic stimulation and associations. A list of materials to be used in the session (pencils, paint, paper, play dough, etc.) was sent to the participants one week before the sessions and they were asked to provide them until the session.
Intervention: Expressive Art Therapy (Other)
Control
No intervention was made to the control group. After the follow-up test was applied to the participants in the experimental group, a three-session expressive arts therapy program was applied to the control group.
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)
Time Frame: Change from baseline to 6 weeks (also assessed at 14 weeks post-baseline)
It is a 53-item symptom screening scale developed by Derogatis. The scale consists of 9 subscales and 3 global indexes. The 9 subscales of the scale are, respectively, Somatization (S) (items 2, 7, 23, 29, 30, 33, 37), Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (items 5, 15, 26, 27, 32, 36), Interpersonal sensitivity (IS) (items 20, 21, 22, 42), Depression (D) (items 9, 16, 17, 18, 35, 50), Anxiety disorder (AD) (items 1, 12, 19, 38, 45, 49), Hostility (H) (items 6, 13, 40, 41, 46), Phobic anxiety (PA) (items 8, 28, 31, 43, 47), Paranoid ideation (PD) (items 4, 10, 24, 48, 51) and Psychoticism (P) (items 3, 14, 34, 44, 53). Additional items (EM) (items 11, 25, 39, 52) include items related to eating and drinking disorders, sleep disorders, death and thoughts about death, and feelings of guilt. The global indices are the Disorder Severity Index, the Symptom Total Index, and the Symptom Disorder Index, respectively.
Post-Traumatic Growth Scale (PTGS)
Time Frame: Change from baseline to 6 weeks (also assessed at 14 weeks post-baseline)
The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory was developed by Tedeschi and Calhoun (1996) to measure the development that occurs in individuals after trauma. The scale consists of 21 items and the items are scored on a 6-point scale from 0 to 5. The scores obtained from the scale vary between 0 and 105, and a high score indicates that the person has experienced a positive change, that is, growth, after the trauma. Factor analysis determined that the scale has 5 sub-dimensions (positive change in interpersonal relationships, awareness of new opportunities, understanding the value of life, increasing personal resilience, and strengthening spirituality). The internal consistency coefficient of the scale was reported as .93 (Kağan et al., 2012).
Secondary Outcomes
No secondary outcomes reported
Investigators
Merve Kızılırmak Tatu
Assisst. Prof. Dr.
Gazi University