A Japanese Phase 1 Trial of TH-302 in Subjects With Solid Tumors and Pancreatic Cancer

Phase 1

Completed

Conditions: Solid Tumor
Pancreatic Cancer

Interventions: Drug: Evofosfamide
Drug: Gemcitabine

Registration Number: NCT01833546

Lead Sponsor: Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany

Brief Summary: This is a Japanese Phase 1, open-label, and dose-escalating trial of TH-302 as monotherapy in subjects with solid tumors and in combination with gemcitabine in subjects with pancreatic cancer.

Detailed Description: Not available

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: COMPLETED

Sex: All

Target Recruitment: 20

Inclusion Criteria

At least 20 years of age
Signed written informed consent form
Histologically or cytologically confirmed advanced or metastatic solid tumor previously treated with one or more standard treatment regimen(s) or for which no effective therapy is available
Histologically or cytologically confirmed locally advanced unresectable or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma previously untreated with chemotherapy or systemic therapy
Recovered from toxicities of prior anti-cancer treatment to Grade 1 or less
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1
Life expectancy of at least 3 months
Acceptable liver function, renal function, hematologic status and coagulation status as defined in the protocol
No clinically significant abnormalities in urinalysis
Effective contraception for both male and female subjects if the risk of conception exists
Other inclusion criteria apply

Exclusion Criteria

Prior anti-cancer treatment with more than 3 myelosuppressive cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens
Prior treatment with gemcitabine for their advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer, except for radiosensitizing doses of gemcitabine
Prior radiotherapy to more than 30 percent of the bone marrow within 6 months prior to the trial entry
Cardiac disease with New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class 3 or 4, within 6 months prior to the trial entry
Clinically significant (that is, active) cardiovascular disease
Seizure disorders requiring anticonvulsant therapy
Known brain, leptomeningeal or epidural metastases (unless previously treated and well controlled for at least 3 months at the trial entry)
Previously treated malignancies other than the current disease for at least 5 years at the trial entry
Severe chronic obstructive or other pulmonary disease major surgery, within 4 weeks prior to the trial entry, without complete recovery
Active, uncontrolled bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, requiring systemic therapy
Anti-cancer treatment prior to trial entry
Participation in an investigational drug or device trial within 4 weeks prior to the trial entry
Known infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B, or Hepatitis C
A history of allergic reactions
Taking a medication that is either moderate or strong inhibitor or inducer of cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A4 or is a sensitive substrate of other cytochrome P450
Pregnancy or lactation period
Concomitant disease or condition that could interfere with the conduct of the trial, or that would, in the opinion of the Investigator, pose an unacceptable risk to the subject in this trial
Unwillingness or inability to comply with the trial protocol for any reason
Legal incapacity or limited legal capacity
Other exclusion criteria apply

Study & Design

Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL

Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Evofosfamide 240 mg	Evofosfamide	-
Evofosfamide 340 mg + Gemcitabine	Gemcitabine	-
Evofosfamide 340 mg	Evofosfamide	-
Evofosfamide 480 mg	Evofosfamide	-
Evofosfamide 340 mg + Gemcitabine	Evofosfamide	-

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Number of Participants Who Experienced Any Dose-Limiting Toxicity (DLT) During First Cycle - Day 1 to 28	Day 1 up to Day 28 of Cycle 1	A DLT was defined as any of the following toxicities at any dose level that occurred during the first cycle, and were considered to be related to the study drug by the Investigator or the Sponsor: - Grade 3 or Grade 4 non-hematological toxicity, except for Grade 3 or Grade 4 nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, - Grade 3 or higher skin reactions or mucosal toxicities, - Febrile neutropenia, - Grade 3 alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevation lasting more than 7 days, - Grade 4 neutropenia lasting more than 5 days, - Grade 4 thrombocytopenia, - Grade 4 anemia, - Any non-preexisting Grade 2 or higher non-hematologic toxicity which, in the judgment of the Investigator and the Sponsor, was considered a DLT, - Any Grade 2 or higher non-hematologic toxicity that did not resolve to Grade 0 or Grade 1 toxicity by the start of the next cycle which, in the judgment of the Investigator and the Sponsor, was considered a DLT.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Evofosfamide and Its Metabolite (Bromo-isophosphoramide Mustard [Br-IPM])	Monotherapy: pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 0.58, 0.75, 1, 1.08, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 6.5, 8.5, 12.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15; Combination therapy: pre-dose, 0.5, 0.66, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 6.5, 8, 10.5, 26.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15	Maximum observed plasma concentration was assessed.
Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE), Serious TEAEs, TEAEs Leading to Death	Baseline up to 33 months	AE was defined as any untoward medical occurrence which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this the study drug. An AE was defined as any unfavourable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of study drug, whether or not considered related to the study drug. A serious AE was an AE that resulted in any of the following outcomes: death; life threatening; persistent/significant disability/incapacity; initial or prolonged inpatient hospitalization; congenital anomaly/birth defect or was otherwise considered medically important. TEAEs are events with start date on or after the date of first dose of study treatment and up to and including 30 days after the last dose of study treatment, or events with start date prior to the date of first dose of study treatment, and worsened in severity or become serious during treatment. TEAEs include both Serious TEAEs and non-serious TEAEs.
Time to Reach Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) of Evofosfamide and Its Metabolite (Bromo-isophosphoramide Mustard [Br-IPM])	Monotherapy: pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 0.58, 0.75, 1, 1.08, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 6.5, 8.5, 12.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15; Combination therapy: pre-dose, 0.5, 0.66, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 6.5, 8, 10.5, 26.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15
Time to Reach Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) of Gemcitabine and Its Metabolite (2',2'-Difluorodeoxyuridine [dFdU])	Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15	Tmax was the time to peak concentration in plasma, obtained directly from the concentration versus time curve. This outcome was applicable for only combination arm in which evofosfamide was administered along with gemcitabine.
Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Gemcitabine and Its Metabolite (2',2'-Difluorodeoxyuridine [dFdU])	Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15	Maximum observed Plasma concentration was assessed. This outcome was applicable for only combination arm in which evofosfamide was administered along with gemcitabine.
Terminal Rate Constant Associated With the Terminal Elimination Phase (λz) of Evofosfamide and Its Metabolite (Bromo-isophosphoramide Mustard [Br-IPM])	Monotherapy: pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 0.58, 0.75, 1, 1.08, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 6.5, 8.5, 12.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15; Combination therapy: pre-dose, 0.5, 0.66, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 6.5, 8, 10.5, 26.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15	Terminal rate constant was determined from the terminal slope of the log-transformed plasma concentration curve using linear regression on terminal data points of the curve.
Terminal Rate Constant Associated With the Terminal Elimination Phase (λz) of Gemcitabine and Its Metabolite (2',2'-Difluorodeoxyuridine [dFdU])	Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15	Terminal rate constant was determined from the terminal slope of the log-transformed plasma concentration curve using linear regression on terminal data points of the curve. This outcome was applicable for only combination arm in which evofosfamide was administered along with gemcitabine.
Apparent Terminal Half-life (t1/2) of Evofosfamide and Its Metabolite (Bromo-isophosphoramide Mustard [Br-IPM])	Monotherapy: pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 0.58, 0.75, 1, 1.08, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 6.5, 8.5, 12.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15; Combination therapy: pre-dose, 0.5, 0.66, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 6.5, 8, 10.5, 26.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15	Terminal half-life was calculated as ln(2)/λz. Where λz is a Terminal rate constant, which was determined from the terminal slope of the log-transformed plasma concentration curve using linear regression on terminal data points of the curve.
Apparent Terminal Half-life (t1/2) of of Gemcitabine and Its Metabolite (2',2'-Difluorodeoxyuridine [dFdU])	Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15	Terminal half-life was calculated as ln(2)/λz. Where λz is a Terminal rate constant, which was determined from the terminal slope of the log-transformed plasma concentration curve using linear regression on terminal data points of the curve. This outcome was applicable for only combination arm in which evofosfamide was administered along with gemcitabine.
Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve (AUC) From Time Zero to Sampling Time With Concentration at or Above the Lower Limit of Quantitation (AUC[0-t]) of Evofosfamide and Its Metabolite (Bromo-isophosphoramide Mustard [Br-IPM])	Monotherapy: pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 0.58, 0.75, 1, 1.08, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 6.5, 8.5, 12.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15; Combination therapy: pre-dose, 0.5, 0.66, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 6.5, 8, 10.5, 26.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15	Area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last quantifiable concentration was assessed.
Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve (AUC) From Time Zero to Sampling Time With Concentration at or Above the Lower Limit of Quantitation (AUC[0-t]) of Gemcitabine and Its Metabolite (2',2'-Difluorodeoxyuridine [dFdU])	Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15	Area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last quantifiable concentration was assessed. This outcome was applicable for only combination arm in which evofosfamide was administered along with gemcitabine.
Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time 0 to Infinity (AUC [0-infinity]) of Evofosfamide and Its Metabolite (Bromo-isophosphoramide Mustard [Br-IPM])	Monotherapy: pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 0.58, 0.75, 1, 1.08, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 6.5, 8.5, 12.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15; Combination therapy: pre-dose, 0.5, 0.66, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 6.5, 8, 10.5, 26.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15	Area under the concentration-time curve from time zero extrapolated to infinity, calculated as AUC(0-last) + last observed concentration (Clast)/terminal rate constant (λz), using the linear trapezoidal rule for increasing concentrations and the logarithmic rule for decreasing concentrations. Where AUC(0-last) is area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last quantifiable concentration was assessed. λz was determined from the terminal slope of the log-transformed plasma concentration curve using linear regression on terminal data points of the curve.
Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time 0 to Infinity (AUC [0-infinity]) of Gemcitabine and Its Metabolite (2',2'-Difluorodeoxyuridine [dFdU])	Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15	Area under the concentration-time curve from time zero extrapolated to infinity, calculated as AUC(0-last) + last observed concentration (Clast)/terminal rate constant (λz), using the linear trapezoidal rule for increasing concentrations and the logarithmic rule for decreasing concentrations. Where AUC(0-last) is area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last quantifiable concentration was assessed. λz was determined from the terminal slope of the log-transformed plasma concentration curve using linear regression on terminal data points of the curve. This outcome was applicable for only combination arm in which evofosfamide was administered along with gemcitabine.
Apparent Total Body Clearance of (CL) of Evofosfamide	Monotherapy: pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 0.58, 0.75, 1, 1.08, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 6.5, 8.5, 12.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15; Combination therapy: pre-dose, 0.5, 0.66, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 6.5, 8, 10.5, 26.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15	Apparent total clearance (CL/F) was calculated as dose divided by area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero extrapolated to infinity (AUC\[inf\]).
Apparent Total Body Clearance of (CL) of Gemcitabine	Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15	Apparent total clearance (CL/F) was calculated as dose divided by area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero extrapolated to infinity (AUC\[inf\]). This outcome was applicable for only combination arm in which evofosfamide was administered along with gemcitabine.
Apparent Volume of Distribution at Steady State (Vss) of Evofosfamide	Monotherapy: pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 0.58, 0.75, 1, 1.08, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 6.5, 8.5, 12.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15; Combination therapy: pre-dose, 0.5, 0.66, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 6.5, 8, 10.5, 26.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15	Volume of distribution was defined as the theoretical volume in which the total amount of drug would need to be uniformly distributed to produce the desired blood concentration of a drug. Steady state volume of distribution (Vss) was the apparent volume of distribution at steady-state.
Apparent Volume of Distribution at Steady State (Vss) of Gemcitabine	Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15	Volume of distribution was defined as the theoretical volume in which the total amount of drug would need to be uniformly distributed to produce the desired blood concentration of a drug. Steady state volume of distribution (Vss) was the apparent volume of distribution at steady-state. This outcome was applicable for only combination arm in which evofosfamide was administered along with gemcitabine.
Apparent Volume of Distribution During Terminal Phase (Vz) of Evofosfamide	Monotherapy: pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 0.58, 0.75, 1, 1.08, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 6.5, 8.5, 12.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15; Combination therapy: pre-dose, 0.5, 0.66, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 6.5, 8, 10.5, 26.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15	Apparent volume of distribution during the terminal phase, calculated as Vz = Dose/AUC0-inf multiplied by elimination rate constant \[λz\]) following single dose. Area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity, calculated (AUC0-inf) as AUC0-t + AUCextra. AUCextra represents an extrapolated value obtained by Clast / λz, where Clast is the calculated serum concentration at the last sampling time point at which the measured plasma concentration is at or above lower limit of quantification (LLQ) and λz is the elimination rate constant. And the elimination rate constant obtained from linear regression of the terminal phase of the log transformed concentration-time data.
Apparent Volume of Distribution During Terminal Phase (Vz) of Gemcitabine	Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15	Apparent volume of distribution during the terminal phase, calculated as Vz = Dose/AUC0-inf multiplied by elimination rate constant \[λz\]) following single dose. Area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity, calculated (AUC0-inf) as AUC0-t + AUCextra. AUCextra represents an extrapolated value obtained by Clast / λz, where Clast is the calculated serum concentration at the last sampling time point at which the measured plasma concentration is at or above lower limit of quantification (LLQ) and λz is the elimination rate constant. And the elimination rate constant obtained from linear regression of the terminal phase of the log transformed concentration-time data. This outcome was applicable for only combination arm in which evofosfamide was administered along with gemcitabine.
Cumulative Amount of Evofosfamide Excreted From Time Zero to Time After Dosing (Ae0-t)	Monotherapy: pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 0.58, 0.75, 1, 1.08, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 6.5, 8.5, 12.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15; Combination therapy: pre-dose, 0.5, 0.66, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 6.5, 8, 10.5, 26.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15	Cumulative amount excreted in urine from time zero to the end of the last measurable concentration was reported.
Renal Clearance (CL) for Evofosfamide	Monotherapy: pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 0.58, 0.75, 1, 1.08, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 6.5, 8.5, 12.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15; Combination therapy: pre-dose, 0.5, 0.66, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 6.5, 8, 10.5, 26.5 hours post-dose on Day 1 and 15	Renal clearance is the volume of plasma from which the drug is completely removed by the kidney in a given amount of time.
Best Overall Response (BOR)	Time from first treatment to final assessment at 33 months	BOR was determined according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 (RECIST v1.1). BOR was defined as the best response of any of the confirmed complete response (CR), confirmed partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) and progressive disease (PD). CR: Disappearance of all evidence of target and non-target lesions. PR: At least 30% reduction from baseline in the sum of the longest diameter (SLD) of all lesions. Stable disease (SD)=Neither sufficient increase to qualify for PD nor sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR. PD was defined as at least a 20 percent (%) increase in the SLD, taking as reference the smallest SLD recorded from baseline or the appearance of 1 or more new lesions. Number of participants with CR, PR, SD and PD were reported.
Number of Participants With Objective Response	Time from first treatment to final assessment at 33 months	OR was determined according to RECIST v1.1. Objective response is defined as a best overall response of confirmed complete response (CR) or partial response (PR). CR: Disappearance of all evidence of target and non-target lesions. PR: At least 30% reduction from baseline in the sum of the longest diameter (SLD) of all lesions. Number of participants with OR were reported.
Number of Participants With Disease Control	Time from first treatment to final assessment at 33 months	Disease Control was defined as having achieved at least disease stabilization; that is participants with confirmed CR, PR, or SD lasting for at least 16 weeks. CR: Disappearance of all target lesions. PR: A decrease of at least 30% in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions. PD: PD is defined as at least a 20 percent (%) increase in the SLD, taking as reference the smallest SLD recorded from baseline or the appearance of 1 or more new lesions. SD: Neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for partial response nor sufficient increase to qualify for progressive disease.
Number of Participants With Clinical Significant Laboratory Abnormalities and Vital Signs Abnormalities Reported as Treatment Emergent Adverse Events	Baseline up to 33 months	Clinical laboratory parameters that were assessed included: hematological parameters, blood chemistry parameters, coagulation and urinalysis and the vital signs that were assessed included: blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature.
Number of Participants With Abnormal Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings Reported as Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)	Baseline up to 33 months	Twelve-lead ECGs were performed and assessed after at least 5 minutes rest in supine position locally.
Number of Participants With Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status Score of 2 or Higher Than 2	Baseline up to 33 months	ECOG performance status measured to assess subject's performance status on a scale of 0 to 5, where 0=Fully active, able to carry on all pre-disease activities without restriction; 1=Restricted in physically strenuous activity, ambulatory and able to carry out light or sedentary work; 2=Ambulatory (more than 50% of waking hours), capable of all self-care, unable to carry out any work activities; 3=Capable of only limited self-care, confined to bed or chair more than 50% of waking hours; 4=Completely disabled, cannot carry on any self-care, totally confined to bed/chair; 5=Death. Number of participants with ECOG performance status score of 2 or higher than 2 were reported.