Yale-Harvard Hotel-based Closed-Loop Studies in Children (HY-GRAID)

Not Applicable

Completed

Interventions: Device: Zone-Model Predictive Control Artificial Pancreas (ZMPC_AP)

Brief Summary: The aim of this clinical study is to determine the feasibility, safety, and preliminary effectiveness of the Zone-Model Predictive Control Artificial Pancreas (ZMPC_AP) system in pediatric subjects with type 1 diabetes in an ambulatory semi-supervised environment over a short duration of 3 days and 2 nights, or up to 60 hours.

Detailed Description: The artificial pancreas platform employed under study is centered about the following four key innovations: 1) A zone model predictive control strategy that is at the same time very safe with respect to hypoglycemia, and can simultaneously and independently be tuned with respect to its response to hyperglycemia; 2) Zone control with diurnal blood-glucose target zones; 3) Models of insulin-glucose physiology and insulin on board; 4) A system for alarming and notification of impending hypoglycemia and technical malfunctions: the Health Monitoring System. These features have been evaluated in several clinical trials in adults with unannounced meals and exercise.

The proposed study will evaluate enhancements to our previous system tailored for the special needs of pediatric subjects: 1) A control strategy with responses to hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia spanning wide ranges, as is typical with children; 2) The use of time-dependent zones specific for pediatric subjects; 3) The development of models for young children, capturing the greater physiologic variability, and ensuring cautious insulin delivery; 4) remote alarming and notification systems that are useful to parents.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria

Age 2- <18 years; for first cohort(s), subjects will be 12-17 years; additional age brackets will be 8-11 years and then <8 years
Type 1 diabetes for ≥ 1 year duration - the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes will be based on the history of ketosis/ketoacidosis at diagnosis or laboratory evidence of islet-cell auto-immunity
A1c level ≤ 10.0%
Use of insulin pump and carbohydrate counting for ≥ 3 months
Average total daily insulin dose of at least 10 units/day
Current or past use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) is desirable but NOT required
Normal renal function as measured within 6 months of enrollment
Normal thyroid function within 6 months of enrollment, or if previously diagnosed with hypothyroidism, documented within 3 months of enrollment
Parent/guardian agrees to stay at hotel with subject for duration of hotel phase and has cell phone that can send/receive text messages
Subject and participating parent/guardian speak and comprehend English

Exclusion Criteria

Episode of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) within 6 months of enrollment
Episode of severe hypoglycemia (seizure, loss of consciousness) within 6 months of enrollment
Use of medications (other than insulin) known to affect BG levels within 4 weeks of enrollment - examples include systemic glucocorticoids, metformin, pramlintide, liraglutide)
Current use of other medications, that in opinion of investigator, would interfere with safety or effectiveness of the study including acetaminophen
Medical disorder, that in opinion of investigator, would be contraindication for inclusion; hypothyroidism and celiac disease are NOT exclusion if under good control
Female subjects of childbearing potential unwilling to have pregnancy testing
Female subject currently pregnant or lactating
History of alcohol or drug abuse, documented eating disorder, or inpatient psychiatric treatment within 6 months of enrollment
Subject is currently participating in another research study involving an investigational drug or device

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Zone-Model Predictive Control Artificial Pancreas (ZMPC_AP)	Zone-Model Predictive Control Artificial Pancreas (ZMPC_AP)	Use Zone-Model Predictive Control Artificial Pancreas (ZMPC_AP) system

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Hypoglycemia Safety: Number of Participants With Blood Glucose (BG)) Readings < 50 Milligrams/Deciliter (mg/dL))	60 hours	Number of participants with more than one confirmed BG \< 50 mg/dL
Hyperglycemia Safety: Number of Participants With More Than Two Blood Glucose (BG) Readings > 300 mg/dL Longer Than 2 Hour or Any BG 400 > Milligrams/Deciliter (mg/dL))	60 hours	No more than two confirmed BG ≥ 300 mg/dL longer than 2 hours, and no BG ≥ 400 mg/dL, unless determined to be from an infusion site failure.
Blood Ketone Safety: Number of Participants With Blood Ketone Levels > 1.0 mmol/l for Longer Than 2 Hours or Any Ketone Level> 3.0 mmol/l	60 hours	Number of participants with blood ketone level \> 1.0 mmol/l for longer than 2 hours, and no blood ketone level \>3.0 mmol/L, unless determined to be from an infusion site. failure
Safety: Number of Participants Who Experienced an Adverse Event	60 hours	Adverse events include seizure, loss of consciousness, severe hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Mean Meter and Sensor Glucose Levels Milligram/Deciliter (mg/dL)	60 hours	Mean meter and sensor glucose levels (mg/dL)
Percent Sensor Glucose Time in Range (70-180 mg/dL)	60 hours	Percentage of time, over the whole evaluation period, during which the glucose level, as determined by the continuous glucose sensor, is between 70-180 mg/dL
Percent Sensor Glucose Time Below Range (<70 mg/dL)	60 hours	Percentage of time, over the whole evaluation period, during which the glucose level, as determined by the continuous glucose sensor, is below 70 mg/dL
Percent Sensor Glucose Time Above Range (>180 mg/dL)	60 hours	Percentage of time, over the whole evaluation period, during which the glucose level, as determined by the continuous glucose sensor, is greater than 180 mg/dL
Percent Sensor Glucose Time in Hypoglycemia (<60 mg/dL)	60 hours	Percentage of time, over the whole evaluation period, during which the glucose level, as determined by the continuous glucose sensor, is below 60 mg/dL
Percent Sensor Glucose Time in Hyperglycemia (>250 mg/dL)	60 hours	Percentage of time, over the whole evaluation period, during which the glucose level, as determined by the continuous glucose sensor, is greater than 250 mg/dL
Percent Time AP System Active	60 hours	Percentage of time, over the whole evaluation period, during which the sensor and pump are determined to be wirelessly connected and communicating with each other, based on duration of alert and error messages indicated by the system