Acceptability and Feasibility of a DBT Skills Group Intervention for Bipolar Disorder - a Randomized Pilot Trial

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a serious mental disorder characterized by episodes of mania or hypomania and depression, occurring with a typically cyclical course. In addition to mood instability, BD has been associated with significant functional impairment, lower quality of life, and higher rates of suicide compared to the general population. Prevalence of BD in Europe is of approximately 1%, with few evidences of gender differences. Despite the advances in pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, BD still entails multiple relapses. Prediction of the course and outcome continues to be challenging, and BD has been considered the sixth leading cause of disability-adjusted life years in the world, with high costs to society, patients and mental health services.

Even though the etiology of BD is still unclear, it is multifactorial with multiple genetic and environmental influences interacting with each other. Fewer studies have explored psychosocial factors in BD's development and maintenance, however, some risk factors have been identified, namely negative early experiences, family characteristics, and adverse life circumstances. Researchers also found significantly higher levels of childhood abuse and current internalized shame in BD individuals, when compared to a control group. It is also known that stressful life events possibly work as triggers in affective symptoms, and they are frequently stigmatized because of their condition, jeopardizing their social and work context.

Pharmacological interventions prevail as the primary management tool in BD, however, most patients are not fully stabilized on drug therapies alone and a large number of patients experience residual symptoms so that full functional recovery is uncommon. Hence, growing evidence and international guidelines support the need to use psychosocial interventions as adjuvant therapies to improve recovery in BD.

Our research is sustained in a recovery based perspective, which means we intend to develop a sense of hope, understanding, empowerment and work towards a meaningful and satisfying life, focusing on less clinical outcomes. Recovery is a concept that looks beyond the traditional clinical definitions which focus on reduced symptomatology, hospitalisation and medication compliance, and focuses on having a better sense of living even though you might have some clinical symptomatology.

The most empirically tested psychosocial interventions for BD include Psychoeducation (PE) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) with supporting evidence of their efficacy. However, there are also contradictory findings, contesting the efficacy of CBT and PE, and that is why there is still no Goldstandard regarding BD psychosocial intervention. A recent review regarding empirically supported psychosocial interventions for BD, discusses promising findings regarding contextual therapies, namely Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and further research is encouraged.