A Trial to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Rivaroxaban (COVID-19)

Phase 2

Terminated

Conditions: COVID-19

Interventions: Drug: Placebo
Drug: Rivaroxaban

Registration Number: NCT04504032

Lead Sponsor: Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute

Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to assess safety and clinical efficacy of rivaroxaban in people with mild Coronavirus Disease 2019 who are at increased risk of disease progression.

Detailed Description: Not available

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: TERMINATED

Sex: All

Target Recruitment: 497

Inclusion Criteria

Participants must be at high-risk for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease progression by fulfilling at least one of the following criteria at screening:
- Presence of chronic pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary hypertension
- Diabetes mellitus (type 1 or type 2), requiring oral medication or insulin for treatment
- Hypertension, requiring at least one oral medication for treatment
- Immunocompromised status due to disease (e.g., those living with human immunodeficiency virus with a cluster of differentiation 4 [CD4] T-cell count of <200 per cubic millimeter [mm^3])
- Immunocompromised status due to medication (e.g., taking 20 milligram [mg] or more of prednisone equivalents a day, anti-inflammatory monoclonal antibody therapies, cancer therapies)
- Any chronic disease that is associated with high risk for severe COVID in the opinion of the site investigator
- Body mass index ≥35 Kilogram per square meter (kg/m^2) (based on self-reported weight and height).
Documented Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 positive diagnostic test of ≤7 days at the time of screening
Symptomatic for COVID-19 for ≤72 hours at the time of screening (defined as having at least 2 of the following symptoms of COVID-19 that is of new onset or has worsened from baseline, and include fever, chills, myalgia, arthralgia, headache, fatigue, cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, anosmia, ageusia, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. If only two symptoms are present, they cannot both be anosmia and ageusia)
Capable of giving informed consent, which includes compliance with the requirements and restrictions listed in the inform consent form and in this protocol
Agree to participate in all remote, in-person or home visits as required in the protocol and provide updated contact information as necessary.
Female of childbearing potential must agree to practice adequate contraception during the study

Exclusion Criteria

Participants are excluded from the study if any of the following criteria apply:

Currently hospitalized or under immediate consideration for hospitalization at screening and Day 1
Have new onset shortness of breath or increased shortness of breath from pre-COVID-19 (for people with known COPD) at screening and Day 1
Hypoxemia (oxygen saturation <94% in ambient air or oxygen saturation below pre-COVID-19 level for people with known COPD) at Day 1
Require supplemental oxygen (new requirement or increase in requirement from pre-COVID-19 condition) at screening and Day 1
Have a history of (in the past 3 months) or current active pathological bleeding
Have a history of hemorrhagic stroke or intracranial hemorrhage
Have a recent severe head trauma within 30 days which includes concussion, skull fracture or hospitalization for head injury
Have known intracranial neoplasm, cerebral metastases, arteriovenous malformation or aneurysm
Have history of pregnancy-related hemorrhage
Have active gastroduodenal ulcer or other gastrointestinal bleeding diagnosed in the past 3 months
Currently are in a hemodynamically unstable state
Currently require thrombolysis or pulmonary embolectomy
Have history of severe hypersensitivity reaction to Xarelto®
Currently have a prosthetic heart valve
Have known diagnosis of triple positive antiphospholipid syndrome
Have known diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (stage IV or receiving dialysis)
Have a history of thrombocytopenia or known platelet count <100,000 cells/mm^3
Have history of bronchiectasis and pulmonary cavitation
Have active cancer (e.g, receiving chemotherapy or treatment for complication of the active cancer)
Had epidural or neuraxial anesthesia or spinal puncture in the past 2 weeks and plan to undergo these procedures during the study
Had surgery in the past 4 weeks or plan to undergo surgery during the study
Currently is pregnant or plans to become pregnant
Currently is breastfeeding
Share household with an enrolled participant in this study
Co-enrollment in any clinical trial that includes prohibited procedures (spinal puncture or surgery) or that includes treatments within the same drug class as rivaroxaban or treatments for which co-administration with rivaroxaban are prohibited. Note that any co-enrollment other than this requires approval by the Sponsor. For any co-enrolled study, the total volume of blood samples collected across the studies should not exceed 275 milliliters (mL) in 4 weeks.
Currently using and plan to use the following medications during the study
- Rivaroxaban or drugs in the same class
- Dual anti-platelets therapy
- Other anticoagulants
- Combined Permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) and cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) inhibitors and inducers

Study & Design

Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL

Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Placebo	Placebo	-
Rivaroxaban	Rivaroxaban	-

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Number of Participants With Grade 3 and Grade 4 Adverse Events (AEs) Through Day 35	Up to Day 35	An AE is any untoward medical occurrence that occurs in a participant. An AE can be any unfavorable and unintended sign (including abnormal laboratory findings), symptom, or disease temporally associated with treatment, whether considered related to the product. AEs may include the onset of a new illness or undesirable medical condition or the exacerbation of pre-existing medical conditions. AE severity was graded as Grade 3 (Severe) and Grade 4 (Potentially Life-threatening) per the specific toxicity grading by the Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (DAIDS) AE Grading Table.
Number of Participants With AEs Resulting in Study Intervention Discontinuation Through Day 35	Up to Day 35	An AE is any untoward medical occurrence that occurs in a participant. An AE can be any unfavorable and unintended sign (including abnormal laboratory findings), symptom, or disease temporally associated with treatment, whether considered related to the product. AEs may include the onset of new illness or undesirable medical condition or the exacerbation of pre-existing medical conditions.
Number of Participants With Serious Adverse Events Through Day 35	Up to Day 35	A serious AE is any untoward medical occurrence or effect, that, at any dose: results in death; is life-threatening; requires hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization; results in persistent or significant disability or incapacity; is an important medical event that may not be immediately life-threatening or result in death or hospitalization but may jeopardize the participant or may require intervention to prevent one of the other outcomes.
Number of Participants Who Progressed to Moderate or Severe Disease or Higher Based on the Gates MRI Ordinal Scale Through Day 28	Up to Day 28	Participants who progressed to a moderate or severe disease category or higher (Bill \& Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute \[Gates MRI\] ordinal scale ≥3) are reported. Gates MRI scale scores are assessed on a 7-point scale: 1=Asymptomatic/symptoms similar to pre-COVID-19 status; 2=Mild; 3=Moderate or severe; 4=Critically ill; 5=Critically ill with invasive mechanical ventilation or extrapulmonary complication; 6=Critically ill with Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO); 7=Death.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Median Time to Disease Resolution Based on Symptoms Resolution Through Day 28	Up to Day 28	Time to disease resolution is defined as the time from the first dose to the date of symptoms resolution (new-onset Coronavirus Disease 2019 \[COVID-19\] symptoms resolved, and pre-existing symptoms returned to Baseline) through Day 28. Baseline refers to health status prior to contracting new-onset COVID-19 symptoms. The 95% confidence interval (CI) for median and quartiles of time to disease resolution were calculated using the Kaplan Meier estimates.
Median Time to Disease Resolution Based on Viral Clearance and Symptoms Resolution Through Day 28	Up to Day 28	Time to disease resolution is defined as the time from the first dose to the date of both viral clearance (two consecutive negative diagnostic tests) and symptoms resolution (new-onset COVID-19 symptoms resolved, and pre-existing symptoms returned to Baseline) through Day 28. Baseline refers to health status prior to contracting new-onset COVID-19 symptoms. The 95% CI for median and quartiles of time to disease resolution were calculated using the Kaplan Meier estimates.
Number of Participants With the Indicated World Health Organization (WHO) Ordinal Scale Clinical Status at Days 8, 14, 21, and 28	Days 8, 14, 21, and 28	The WHO ordinal scale score is used to analyze the overall burden of disease and disease severity using an 11-point scale ranging from 0 to 10: 0=Uninfected; No viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) detected; 1=Asymptomatic; viral RNA detected; 2=Symptomatic; independent; 3=Symptomatic; assistance needed; 4=Hospitalized; no oxygen therapy (for isolation only); 5=Hospitalized; oxygen by mask or nasal prongs; 6=Hospitalized; oxygen by non-invasive ventilation (NIV) or high flow; 7=Intubation and mechanical ventilation, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ≥150 or oxygen saturation (SpO2)/FiO2 ≥200; 8=Mechanical ventilation pO2/FiO2 \<150 (SpO2/FiO2 \<200) or Vasopressors; 9=Mechanical ventilation pO2/FiO2 \<150 and vasopressors, dialysis, or ECMO; 10=Dead.
Shift in World Health Organization Ordinal Scale Score at Days 8, 14, 21, and 28	Baseline; Days 8, 14, 21, and 28	The WHO ordinal scale score is used to analyze the overall burden of disease and disease severity using an 11-point scale ranging from 0 to 10: 0=Uninfected; No viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) detected; 1=Asymptomatic; viral RNA detected; 2=Symptomatic; independent; 3=Symptomatic; assistance needed; 4=Hospitalized; no oxygen therapy (for isolation only); 5=Hospitalized; oxygen by mask or nasal prongs; 6=Hospitalized; oxygen by non-invasive ventilation (NIV) or high flow; 7=Intubation and mechanical ventilation, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ≥150 or oxygen saturation (SpO2)/FiO2 ≥200; 8=Mechanical ventilation pO2/FiO2 \<150 (SpO2/FiO2 \<200) or Vasopressors; 9=Mechanical ventilation pO2/FiO2 \<150 and vasopressors, dialysis, or ECMO; 10=Dead. BS= Baseline; PBS= Post-Baseline; NA= Data not available.
Number of Participants Who Progressed to Moderate or Severe Disease or Higher Based on the Gates MRI Ordinal Scale at Day 8, 14, and 21	Days 8, 14, and 21	Participants who progressed to a moderate or severe disease category or higher (Gates MRI ordinal scale ≥3) are reported. Gates MRI ordinal scale scores are assessed on a 7-point scale: 1=Asymptomatic/symptoms similar to pre-COVID-19 status; 2=Mild; 3=Moderate or severe; 4=Critically ill; 5=Critically ill with invasive mechanical ventilation or extrapulmonary complication; 6=Critically ill with ECMO; 7=Death.
Number of Participants With the Indicated Gates Medical Research Institute (MRI) Scale Clinical Status at Days 8, 14, 21, and 28	Days 8, 14, 21, and 28	Participants who progressed to a moderate or severe disease category or higher (Gates MRI ordinal scale ≥3) are reported. Gates MRI ordinal scale scores are assessed on a 7-point scale: 1=Asymptomatic/symptoms similar to pre-COVID-19 status; 2=Mild; 3=Moderate or severe; 4=Critically ill; 5=Critically ill with invasive mechanical ventilation or extrapulmonary complication; 6=Critically ill with ECMO; 7=Death.
Median Number of Days of Hospitalization Through Day 35	Up to Day 35	Participants who had clinical worsening and who had at least one hospitalization during the study were analyzed. Hospitalized participants without an end date of hospitalization were not included.
Number of Participants Who Achieved Disease Resolution Based on Symptoms Resolution at Days 8, 14, 21, and 28	Days 8, 14, 21, and 28	Symptoms resolution is defined as new-onset COVID-19 symptoms resolved, and pre-existing symptoms returned to Baseline. Baseline refers to health status prior to contracting new-onset COVID-19 symptoms.
Number of Participants Who Achieved Disease Resolution Based on Viral Clearance and Symptoms Resolution at Days 8, 14, 21, and 28	Days 8, 14, 21, and 28	Viral clearance is defined as two consecutive negative diagnostic tests. Symptoms resolution is defined as new-onset COVID-19 symptoms resolved, and pre-existing symptoms returned to Baseline. Baseline refers to health status prior to contracting new-onset COVID-19 symptoms.
Number of Participants With Hospitalization Through Days 8, 14, 21, and 28	Days 8, 14, 21, and 28	Participants who had clinical worsening and who had at least one hospitalization during the study were analyzed.
Shift in Gates Medical Research Institute Ordinal Scale Score at Days 8, 14, 21, and 28	Days 8, 14, 21, and 28	Gates MRI ordinal scale scores are assessed on a 7-point scale: 1=Asymptomatic/symptoms similar to pre-COVID-19 status; 2=Mild; 3=Moderate or severe; 4=Critically ill; 5=Critically ill with invasive mechanical ventilation or extrapulmonary complication; 6=Critically ill with ECMO; 7=Death. BS= Baseline; PBS= Post-Baseline; NA= Data not available.

Trial Locations

Locations (20): Woodland Research Northwest LLC - ERG - PPDS
🇺🇸
Rogers, Arkansas, United States
Clinical Research Institute, Inc - CRN - PPDS
🇺🇸
Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
Encompass Care
🇺🇸
North Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
NYC Health + Hospitals/Lincoln
🇺🇸
Bronx, New York, United States
St Mary's Hospital - PPDS
🇬🇧
London, City Of London, United Kingdom
Riverside Medical Group - Circuit- PPDS
🇺🇸
Secaucus, New Jersey, United States
Elmhurst Hospital Center
🇺🇸
Elmhurst, New York, United States
Premier Family Physicians - Austin - Hunt - PPDS
🇺🇸
Austin, Texas, United States
Royal Free Hospital
🇬🇧
London, United Kingdom
Village Health Partners - Plano - Hunt - PPDS
🇺🇸
Plano, Texas, United States
Invesclinic, LLC
🇺🇸
Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
Advanced Pulmonary Research Institute
🇺🇸
Loxahatchee Groves, Florida, United States
Allergy and Asthma Medical Group and Research Center - CRN - PPDS
🇺🇸
San Diego, California, United States
Science 37, Inc
🇺🇸
Los Angeles, California, United States
LCC Medical Research - Miami - BTC - PPDS
🇺🇸
Miami, Florida, United States
Adult Medicine of Lake County
🇺🇸
Mount Dora, Florida, United States
South Texas Allergy and Asthma Medical Professionals
🇺🇸
San Antonio, Texas, United States
Boundary House Medical Centre
🇬🇧
Sale, Cheshire, United Kingdom
Harlem Hospital Center
🇺🇸
New York, New York, United States
Providea Health Partners LLC
🇺🇸
Evergreen Park, Illinois, United States