Evaluation of The Effect of Ultrasound Guided Regional Blocks on Postoperative Analgesia in Hip Arthroplasty Using The Quality of Recovery-15 (QoR-15) Scale

Study Design This is a prospective, observational, single-center study conducted at Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. Patients were allocated to one of two regional analgesia groups based on clinical decision-making by the anesthesia team according to surgical type, patient positioning, and clinician experience, consistent with the routine clinical practice of the institution.

Patient Population Patients aged ≥65 years, ASA physical status I-III, scheduled for elective partial or total hip arthroplasty under general anesthesia were enrolled. Patients with a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score below 24 were excluded. Written informed consent was obtained the day before surgery.

Anesthesia Protocol All patients received standardized general anesthesia: induction with propofol 2 mg/kg IV, fentanyl 2 mcg/kg IV, and rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg IV; maintenance with sevoflurane 1.5-2% and remifentanil 0.05-0.5 mcg/kg/min infusion, titrated to BIS 40-60. Standard monitoring included ECG, non-invasive blood pressure, SpO2, temperature, and BIS. Normothermia was maintained with active forced-air warming. All patients received paracetamol 1 g IV, tramadol 1 mg/kg IV, and ondansetron 4 mg IV 20 minutes before the end of surgery.

Regional Analgesia Techniques

At the end of surgery, under ultrasound guidance:

PENG block: 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine injected into the musculofascial plane anterior to the psoas tendon and posterior to the pubic ramus LFCN block: 5 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine injected around the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve between the tensor fascia latae and sartorius muscles Lumbar ESP block: 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine injected at the anterior fascia of the erector spinae muscle at the L4 transverse process level Postoperative Management Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with tramadol (10 mg bolus, 20-minute lockout) was initiated in the recovery unit. Dexketoprofen 50 mg IV was administered as rescue analgesia if NRS ≥4 within the first 20 minutes. Paracetamol 1 g IV every 6 hours was continued on the ward. Ondansetron 4 mg IV (and dexamethasone 4 mg IV if needed) was used for postoperative nausea and vomiting management.

Outcome Measures

Primary outcome:

QoR-15 score at 24 hours postoperatively compared with the baseline preoperative score.

Secondary outcomes:

NRS pain scores (at rest and on movement) at 0, 15, and 30 minutes in the PACU and at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours on the ward; total tramadol consumption; time to first rescue analgesic; postoperative nausea and vomiting scores; NU-DESC delirium screening; sedation assessment; hemodynamic parameters; and 7- and 30-day mortality and morbidity assessed by telephone follow-up.

Sample Size Sample size calculation was performed based on previously published QoR-15 data. With an effect size of 0.729, 80% power, and a 95% confidence level, a minimum of 31 patients per group (62 total) was required. The analysis was conducted using G*Power version 3.1.9.7.