Evaluating the Therapeutic Impact of Lactoferrin on Complications in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease

The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate the therapeutic impact of oral Lactoferrin on correcting iron deficiency anemia and improving bone health in patients diagnosed with end-stage renal disease.

AS End-stage renal disease (ESRD) represents a serious medical, social, and economic burden on any society and requires continuous medical attention and comprehensive healthcare services. Without appropriate treatment, it can be life-threatening.

Anemia is a common complication in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and has been linked to negative cardiovascular outcomes . Managing anemia often involves the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs); however, targeting normal hemoglobin levels through ESA therapy has been associated with a heightened risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. To achieve effective anemia control, iron supplementation alongside ESAs plays a crucial role. Iron therapy not only helps elevate hemoglobin levels, but also lowers the necessary dosage of ESAs . However, Iron One of the drawbacks of intravenous (IV) iron administration in hemodialysis patients is its potential link to an increased risk of infections, as suggested by some observational studies-though the evidence remains conflicting and inconclusive.

Lactoferrin, also known as the "red protein," is a cationic glycoprotein from the transferrin family with an exceptionally high affinity for iron-approximately 300 times greater than transferrin. Its red color results from this strong iron-binding property. Its production increases during infection and inflammation It contributes to intestinal iron regulation, enhances the body's defense against microbial infections, acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, Thus, and in contrast to iron therapy, lactoferrin offers several advantages over conventional iron supplements, including better gastrointestinal tolerance, fewer side effects associated with high-dose iron intake, and added anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.

Another complication associated with patients with ESRD is Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD), which is a complex, multifactorial condition characterized by disruptions in mineral metabolism, particularly involving calcium, phosphate, vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Impaired kidney function leads to phosphate retention, decreased calcitriol synthesis, and calcium imbalance, triggering secondary hyperparathyroidism. Altogether, these hormonal and biochemical changes contribute to both skeletal complications and cardiovascular risks in CKD patients.