Dose-Response Effects of Maple Syrup Carbohydrate Ingestion (60, 90, 120 g/h) on 20-km Cycling Time-Trial Performance, Substrate Oxidation, and Perceptual Responses in Trained Male Cyclists
Overview
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Status
- Not yet recruiting
- Sponsor
- Université de Montréal
- Enrollment
- 32
- Locations
- 1
- Primary Endpoint
- Assess the dose-response effect of maple syrup carbohydrate ingestion (0, 60, 90, 120 g·h-¹) on 20-km cycling time-trial performance in trained male cyclists.
Overview
Brief Summary
The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether maple syrup can be used as a natural carbohydrate source to help trained male cyclists perform better during long-duration cycling. The study also aims to learn how different amounts of maple syrup affect energy use in the body, stomach comfort, and feelings of effort and fatigue.
The main questions the study aims to answer are:
- Does consuming more carbohydrate from maple syrup help participants finish a 20-kilometer cycling time trial faster?
- How do different amounts of maple syrup change how the body uses carbohydrates and fats during long exercise?
- Are higher amounts of maple syrup easy for participants to tolerate without stomach problems?
Researchers will compare four drinks:
- A placebo drink (a look-alike drink with no calories),
- A drink that provides 60 grams of carbohydrate per hour,
- A drink that provides 90 grams per hour, and
- A drink that provides 120 grams per hour.
They will compare these drinks to see whether higher carbohydrate amounts lead to better cycling performance and how each dose affects comfort and metabolism.
Participants will:
- Attend a screening visit that includes a health check and a glucose tolerance test.
- Complete a fitness test to measure their aerobic capacity and practice the cycling tests used in the study.
- Take part in four separate exercise sessions in random order. Each session includes:
- Drinking one of the four study beverages during 2 hours of steady cycling,
- Completing two short, all-out 6-second sprints during the ride,
- Completing a 20-kilometer cycling time trial as fast as possible,
- Reporting stomach symptoms and perceptions of effort,
- Providing breath, blood, urine, and sweat samples so researchers can measure how their body uses fuel.
All drinks will look, taste, and smell similar so participants cannot tell which one they are receiving. Meals before each session will be provided to keep conditions the same across visits.
This study may help athletes and active people choose natural carbohydrate sources that support both performance and comfort during long endurance exercise. The findings may also guide future research on the use of maple syrup as a sports nutrition option.
Study Design
- Study Type
- Interventional
- Allocation
- Randomized
- Intervention Model
- Crossover
- Primary Purpose
- Basic Science
- Masking
- Double (Participant, Investigator)
Eligibility Criteria
- Ages
- 18 Years to 45 Years (Adult)
- Sex
- Male
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- Yes
Inclusion Criteria
- •Age: 18-45 years.
- •Relative VO2max: \>55 mL·min-¹·kg-¹ for level 3; \>65 mL·min-¹·kg-¹ for level
- •Peak Power Output (PPO): \>4.6 W·kg-¹ (absolute PPO \>320 W).
- •Training History: \>5 hours/week of cycling-specific training; \>1 year of consistent endurance training.
- •No history of metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal issues, or contraindications to exercise testing.
Exclusion Criteria
- •Current or past metabolic disorders (diabetes, metabolic syndrome)
- •Cardiovascular disease or abnormal ECG at rest
- •Gastrointestinal disorders (IBS, Crohn's, celiac disease)
- •Food allergies or intolerances (particularly maple, fructose)
- •Current use of medications affecting metabolism
- •Smoking or nicotine use
- •Alcohol consumption \>14 units/week
- •Recent illness or injury (\<4 weeks)
- •Participation in other clinical trials (\<3 months)
- •Unable to maintain consistent training during study period
Arms & Interventions
Maple syrup providing 60g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 60 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Maple Syrup Beverages (Dietary Supplement)
Maple syrup providing 60g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 60 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: placebo beverage (Dietary Supplement)
Maple syrup providing 60g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 60 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Pre-Trial Meals (Other)
Maple syrup providing 60g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 60 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: D₂O Fluid Absorption (Procedure)
Maple syrup providing 60g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 60 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Time Trial Performance (Behavioral)
Maple syrup providing 60g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 60 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Substrate Oxidation (Procedure)
Maple syrup providing 60g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 60 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Blood Metabolites (Procedure)
Maple syrup providing 60g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 60 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Gastrointestinal Symptoms (Diagnostic Test)
Maple syrup providing 60g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 60 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Perceptual Responses (Diagnostic Test)
Maple syrup providing 60g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 60 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Neuromuscular Fatigue (Diagnostic Test)
Maple syrup providing 60g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 60 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Hedonic Ratings (Other)
Maple syrup providing 60g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 60 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Blinding Integrity (Other)
Maple syrup providing 90g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 90 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Maple Syrup Beverages (Dietary Supplement)
Maple syrup providing 90g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 90 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: placebo beverage (Dietary Supplement)
Maple syrup providing 90g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 90 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Pre-Trial Meals (Other)
Maple syrup providing 90g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 90 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Neuromuscular Fatigue (Diagnostic Test)
Maple syrup providing 90g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 90 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: D₂O Fluid Absorption (Procedure)
Maple syrup providing 90g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 90 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Time Trial Performance (Behavioral)
Maple syrup providing 90g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 90 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Substrate Oxidation (Procedure)
Maple syrup providing 90g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 90 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Blood Metabolites (Procedure)
Maple syrup providing 90g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 90 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Gastrointestinal Symptoms (Diagnostic Test)
Maple syrup providing 90g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 90 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Perceptual Responses (Diagnostic Test)
Maple syrup providing 90g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 90 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Hedonic Ratings (Other)
Maple syrup providing 90g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 90 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Blinding Integrity (Other)
Maple syrup providing 120g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 120 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Maple Syrup Beverages (Dietary Supplement)
Maple syrup providing 120g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 120 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: placebo beverage (Dietary Supplement)
Maple syrup providing 120g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 120 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Pre-Trial Meals (Other)
Maple syrup providing 120g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 120 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Neuromuscular Fatigue (Diagnostic Test)
Maple syrup providing 120g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 120 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: D₂O Fluid Absorption (Procedure)
Maple syrup providing 120g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 120 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Time Trial Performance (Behavioral)
Maple syrup providing 120g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 120 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Substrate Oxidation (Procedure)
Maple syrup providing 120g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 120 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Blood Metabolites (Procedure)
Maple syrup providing 120g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 120 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Gastrointestinal Symptoms (Diagnostic Test)
Maple syrup providing 120g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 120 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Perceptual Responses (Diagnostic Test)
Maple syrup providing 120g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 120 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Hedonic Ratings (Other)
Maple syrup providing 120g of CHO per hour
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the 120 g/h maple syrup solution is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Blinding Integrity (Other)
Placebo
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the placebo solution (sweetened water, with sotolon for maple taste) is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Maple Syrup Beverages (Dietary Supplement)
Placebo
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the placebo solution (sweetened water, with sotolon for maple taste) is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: placebo beverage (Dietary Supplement)
Placebo
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the placebo solution (sweetened water, with sotolon for maple taste) is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Pre-Trial Meals (Other)
Placebo
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the placebo solution (sweetened water, with sotolon for maple taste) is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Neuromuscular Fatigue (Diagnostic Test)
Placebo
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the placebo solution (sweetened water, with sotolon for maple taste) is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: D₂O Fluid Absorption (Procedure)
Placebo
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the placebo solution (sweetened water, with sotolon for maple taste) is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Time Trial Performance (Behavioral)
Placebo
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the placebo solution (sweetened water, with sotolon for maple taste) is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Substrate Oxidation (Procedure)
Placebo
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the placebo solution (sweetened water, with sotolon for maple taste) is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Blood Metabolites (Procedure)
Placebo
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the placebo solution (sweetened water, with sotolon for maple taste) is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Gastrointestinal Symptoms (Diagnostic Test)
Placebo
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the placebo solution (sweetened water, with sotolon for maple taste) is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Perceptual Responses (Diagnostic Test)
Placebo
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the placebo solution (sweetened water, with sotolon for maple taste) is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Hedonic Ratings (Other)
Placebo
The protocol begins with a 10-minute warm-up at 100 W, followed by a 120-minute constant-load cycling phase at 65% PPO, during which the placebo solution (sweetened water, with sotolon for maple taste) is consumed every 15 minutes as the main intervention. Neuromuscular fatigue is assessed four times (baseline, 60 min, 120 min into the constant-load, and post-TT) using two 6-second all-out seated sprints (from a 100 W rolling start); these two sprints are separated by a 1-minute active recovery at 100 W, after which the 65% PPO cycling is immediately resumed for the in-exercise timepoints. The constant-load phase is concluded by a 5-minute complete recovery, immediately followed by the 20-km self-paced Time Trial (completed without fluids), with the final set of sprints performed immediately after the TT to assess residual fatigue.
Intervention: Blinding Integrity (Other)
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Assess the dose-response effect of maple syrup carbohydrate ingestion (0, 60, 90, 120 g·h-¹) on 20-km cycling time-trial performance in trained male cyclists.
Time Frame: Immediately after completion of the 20-km time trial during each experimental visit
20-km time trial completion time (minutes), measured at the end of each experimental visit.
Secondary Outcomes
- Substrate oxidation rates during exercise(At rest, immediately before exercise, and every 30 minutes during 120 minutes of constant-load cycling)
- Plasma metabolite concentrations(Measured before beverage ingestion, immediately pre-exercise, every 30 minutes during the 120-minute constant-load cycling, and immediately post-exercise (before the time trial).)
- Ratings of perceived effort during exercise(Assessed 3 minutes after exercise begins; every 30 minutes during the constant-load cycling (30, 60, 90, 120 min); and at approximately 126, 127, 130, 136, and 145 minutes (corresponding to 0.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 km during the time trial))
- Assess gastrointestinal tolerance and symptoms across maple syrup doses and placebo.(Measured pre-exercise; every 30 minutes during the 120-minute constant-load cycling (30, 60, 90, 120 min); and immediately after the time trial.)
- Peak power output during maximal sprints(Baseline, 60 minutes, 120 minutes, and immediately after time trial)
- Mean power output during 20-km time trial(Approximately 25-30 minutes (continuously recorded during the 20-km time trial))
Investigators
Jonathan Tremblay
Full Professor
Université de Montréal