Genetics of Cytochrome CYP2D6 and Effects of Codeine and Tramadol on Postoperative Pain Management

Completed

• Conditions: Post-operative Pain

• Registration Number: NCT06723379
• Lead Sponsor: Fraser Health

Brief Summary

Codeine is one of the most commonly prescribed opioids in the world. The speed at which our liver metabolizes codeine into morphine depends on an important protein called cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). Many people across the world have different CYP2D6 metabolizing speeds. Codeine provides inadequate pain management to those who have slow-metabolizing CYP2D6. In contrast, codeine can be life-threatening to those who have rapidly-metabolizing CYP2D6 because of the abruptly high dose of morphine. By analyzing specific genes, we are able to predict a patient's response to medication, thus drug type and dosing can be tailored according to their genetics. The purpose of this study is to observe if nanopore CYP2D6 DNA genetic sequencing can classify patients according to their CYP2D6 phenotype and thus predict their response to codeine and tramadol. The overall project is to determine the practicality of a genetic survey of CYP2D6 for healthy patients undergoing surgical procedures.

Detailed Description

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate if genetic variants of CYP2D6 are a predictive factor for postoperative pain management with conventional codeine and tramadol pain therapy. With CYP2D6 DNA analysis, we hope to be able to correlate a patients' genetics and their physiological response to conventional codeine and tramadol dosing.

RESEARCH QUESTION: Is CYP2D6 metabolizer status a predictive factor for the effectiveness of postoperative pain management with conventional pain therapy doses of codeine and tramadol?

HYPOTHESIS: Our hypothesis is that patients with known rapid metabolizing CYP2D6 variants will have higher incidences of opioid side effects with conventional opioid dosing. On the other hand, patients with known poor-metabolizing CYP2D6 variants will have inadequate pain management with conventional opioid dosing.

JUSTIFICATION: Understanding the relationship between CYP2D6 variants and conventional opioid dosing in a clinical setting will facilitate future studies that investigate personalized dosing in order to improve pain management and reduce risk of opioid side effects.

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study is to determine the practicality of undertaking a medium-scale genetic survey of CYP2D6 for healthy patients undergoing surgical procedures. Secondary objectives include: investigate the feasibility of characterizing CYP2D6 genetic variants into one of four metabolizer groups, investigate if there is a distinguishable pattern between CYP2D6 metabolizer status and postoperative pain management quality with conventional pain therapy dosages such as codeine and tramadol, investigate if there is a distinguishable pattern between CYP2D6 metabolizer status and the presence of opioid side effects with conventional pain therapy dosages such as codeine and tramadol, to raise awareness of the clinical relevance of CYP2D6 variants on codeine and tramadol metabolism as well as the complications that arise from conventional, non-personalized pain management.

RESEARCH DESIGN: Prospective observational feasibility study of healthy elective surgical patients. Projected enrolment up to 50 participants. All participants receive standardized anesthetic with weight based dosing of opiates. Data collected will include: 2-3 ml blood sample taken prior to surgery under general anesthesia, DNA sequencing and genotype identification, chart review during post-operative care unit stay (PACU), and a survey administered by phone 24 after discharge from the PACU.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Given the exploratory nature of this feasibility study and small convenience sample size, data will be summarized using descriptive statistics for most outcome variables. If possible, nonparametric statistical tests may be performed to look at associations between genetic variant and outcomes and differences between the groups.

Study Timeline

• Study Start: 2022-11-25
• Primary Completion: 2024-07-10
• Status Verified: 2024-12
• Study Completion: 2024-12-01
• Study First Submitted: 2024-12-04
• Study First Submitted QC: 2024-12-04
• Last Update Submitted: 2024-12-04
• Study First Posted: 2024-12-09
• Last Update Posted: 2024-12-09

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: COMPLETED
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 22

Inclusion Criteria

1. Age 18-55 year and otherwise healthy (ASA 1 or 2)
2. Undergoing an elective outpatient surgical procedure at Royal Columbian Hospital or Eagle Ridge Hospital with projected moderate post-operative pain
3. Surgical procedure that requires general anaesthetic and post-operative pain management routinely managed with either codeine or tramadol by attending surgeon (i.e., ACL repair)
4. Attending surgeon routinely prescribes either tramadol or codeine for post-operative pain management

Exclusion Criteria

1. Pre-existing chronic pain condition
2. Any psychiatric diagnosis, such as depression or anxiety (Lautenbacher et al., 1994)
3. History of substance abuse/dependence
4. Multiple medical comorbidities (a single well-controlled medical comorbidity will not be a contraindication - i.e., controlled hypothyroidism)
5. Allergy, sensitivity, or other contraindication to either codeine or tramadol
6. Regional anesthetic (inclusive either of a major peripheral nerve block or neuraxial anesthetic) planned by attending anesthesiologist)
7. Unable to provide informed consent

Study & Design

• Study Type: OBSERVATIONAL
• Study Design: Not specified

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
CYP2D6 genotypes/phenotypes	6 months	CYP2D6 genotype determined by nanopore DNA sequencing which will be cross-referenced with published genotypes to determine CYP2D6 phenotype

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Total opioids taken since discharge	6 months	Total opioids taken since discharge (morphine milligram equivalents, continuous) at 24-hour post-op discharge telephone follow-up call.
Total opiate consumption	6 months	Total opiate consumption (morphine milligram equivalents, continuous) observed immediately post-op, before tramadol or codeine administration, and 1 hour or later post tramadol/codeine administration
Postoperative Day 1 Nausea and vomiting (Yes/No, dichotomous)	6 months	Nausea and vomiting (Yes/No, dichotomous) at 24-hour post-op discharge telephone follow-up call.
Pain scores	6 months	Pain scores (0 - 10, ordinal) observed immediately post-op, before tramadol or codeine administration, and 1 hour or later post tramadol/codeine administration
Sedation level	6 months	Sedation assessments (1 - 4, ordinal) observed immediately post-op, before tramadol or codeine administration, and 1 hour or later post tramadol/codeine administration
Administration of anti-nausea medications	6 months	Administration of anti-nausea medications (Yes/No, dichotomous) observed immediately post-op, before tramadol or codeine administration, and 1 hour or later post tramadol/codeine administration
Postoperative Day 1 current pain and worst pain since discharge	6 months	Current pain and worst pain since discharge (0 - 10, ordinal) at 24-hour post-op discharge telephone follow-up call

Trial Locations

Locations (1)

Royal Columbian Hospital; 🇨🇦 New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada