EUROpean Pain Audit In Neonates
- Conditions
- Intesive CarePainAnalgesiaSedationIntratracheal Ventilation
- Registration Number
- NCT01694745
- Lead Sponsor
- Hôpital Armand Trousseau
- Brief Summary
EUROPAIN Survey is an epidemiological study aimed at assessing current clinical practices regarding the use of sedative and analgesic drugs in newborns admitted to NICUs or PICUs in different countries in Europe. This study is conducted as part of the NeoOpiod study.
The main objective of this study is to determine the current clinical practices regarding the use of sedative and analgesic drugs in newborns in intensive units in different countries in Europe. The principal criteria are: the frequency of ventilated neonates receiving sedation and analgesia, the medications used for sedation and analgesia in ventilated neonates, the length of use of medications administered for sedation and analgesia in ventilated neonates and similarities and differences in sedation and analgesia practices among European countries.
The secondary objectives are: a) to determine the proportion of neonatal units that have developed and implemented local written guidelines to provide continuous sedation and analgesia in ventilated newborn infants as well as to prevent and treat procedural pain, b) to document the published guidelines for neonatal analgesia and sedation in different European countries and develop consensus for common European standards that can be applied in all medical settings, c) to determine the frequency of use of pain assessment tools in ventilated newborn infants and evaluate their impact on pain management practices and d) to determine practices to assess and prevent withdrawal syndromes.
The EUROPAIN STUDY is observational and therefore it will not interfere with routine practices of participating units. No changes in diagnostic, therapeutic or any managing strategy of patients are imposed by the participation in this study. This epidemiological study will only collect data on clinical practices in each unit. It will include all neonates up to a corrected age of 44 weeks post conception.
The maximum duration of data collection for every included infant is 28 days. Data collection will stop before 28 days if the infant leaves the unit (discharge, death, transfer to another hospital). Data will be entered on a secure web-based questionnaire.
- Detailed Description
1.1 Background and rationale The alleviation of pain is a basic and human right regardless of age. Neonates do feel pain and it has been shown that preterm infants are even more vulnerable to pain than older infants. The more vulnerable preterm neonates are precisely those that are more exposed to pain. Neonates admitted to intensive care units, both neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), undergo dozens or even hundreds of painful procedures during their stay. These painful procedures include, for many of the ICU neonates, a tracheal intubation followed by mechanical ventilation. The pain and stress that are induced by mechanical ventilation as well as by repetitive procedures or painful diseases has led medical staff to use sedation and analgesia in neonates admitted to intensive care units. The subjectivity and difficulty inherent to pain measurement in neonates have probably contributed to a wide variety of neonatal sedation and analgesia practices. To date, these practices have been rarely studied.
Why would sedation and analgesia be necessary? Mechanical ventilation is a potentially painful intervention. Adults often describe mechanical ventilation as a painful and anxiety-provoking experience. The main objectives of sedation and analgesia are: reduction of pain, stress and irritability, promotion of blood pressure stability, promotion of ventilator synchrony and improvement of oxygenation. In the long term, reduced stress, as well as reduced fluctuations in oxygenation and blood pressure is believed to minimize the risks of neurological injury and death. However, the use of sedation and analgesia is only conceivable in the respect of the principle that must accompany all medical actions: first, do no harm.
Pain and stress undergone during the neonatal period can have deleterious short-term and long-term consequences. Some of these consequences have been reduced with adequate analgesic treatment. Current data show the necessity to give adequate sedation and analgesia to ventilated neonates.
Statements promoting the use of sedation and analgesia The increased awareness that neonates feel pain, the ethical obligation to treat this pain with analgesics, the growing body of evidence demonstrating that untreated neonatal pain can lead to altered reactivity to pain that persists throughout infancy and childhood as well as the need for a humane management of neonates have lead to the development of International and National Guidelines promoting the use of analgesics in the neonatal population. These Guidelines state that units that provide neonatal care should develop and implement guidelines concerning neonatal pain. However, the existing literature is still conflicting regarding the use of sedation and analgesia for ventilated neonates. Current data indicate that there is insufficient evidence to recommend the routine use of opioids in mechanically ventilated newborns and that opioids should be used selectively. Sedation and analgesia in non ventilated babies is extremely rare.
Practices across Europe and USA Data on sedation and analgesia practices in ventilated neonates are very rare. In 1995 the SOPAIN study carried out in the United States showed that factors predicting the use of on-going analgesia and sedation in neonates included: mechanical ventilation, higher gestational age, and male gender. In 2005, the French EPIPPAIN study showed that the rate of continuous sedation and analgesia was 69.6% in ventilated neonates with large variations among centers (16.7% to 90.9%). The most frequently used drugs were midazolam and morphine.
To date, there are no data permitting the comparison of neonatal pain management within the European countries. The availability of these data will enable comparison of practices with state-of-the-art knowledge.
Study Hypothesis
The EUROPAIN study is an epidemiological study that is based on the following hypothesis:
* Most newborn ventilated infants receive continuous sedation and analgesia.
* Non ventilated babies are not sedated.
* Morphine, fentanyl and midazolam are the most frequently drugs used in this setting.
* Infrequent use of validated pain assessment tools to monitor sedation and analgesia occurs in ventilated newborn infants.
* Most units have developed written local guidelines for sedation and analgesia in ventilated neonates, but huge variability exists among practitioners in the same unit, across different units in the same country, and across different countries in Europe.
* Development, dissemination, and regular updates of common European standards will improve the care and clinical outcomes of ventilated newborn infants.
1.2 Main objective • To determine the current clinical practices regarding the use of sedative and analgesic drugs for ventilated newborns in different countries in Europe.
1.3 Principal criteria
* The frequency of ventilated neonates receiving sedation and analgesia in different European units
* The medications used for sedation and analgesia in ventilated neonates across Europe.
* The length of use of medications administered for sedation and analgesia in ventilated neonates
* Similarities and differences in sedation and analgesia practices among European countries
1.4 Secondary objectives and criteria
* To determine the proportion of neonatal units that have developed and implemented local written guidelines to provide continuous sedation and analgesia in ventilated newborn infants as well as to prevent and treat procedural pain.
* To document the published guidelines for neonatal analgesia and sedation in different European countries and develop consensus for common European standards that can be applied in all medical settings.
* To determine the frequency of use of pain assessment tools in ventilated newborn infants and evaluate their impact on pain management practices.
* To determine practices to assess and prevent withdrawal syndromes. Secondary criteria
* Variations across European countries of the proportions of units that have developed and implemented local written guidelines for sedation and analgesia in ventilated neonates
* Identification and description of national guidelines for sedation and analgesia in neonates in all participating countries. Identification of recommended drugs.
1.5 Type of study
• Epidemiological observational study.
1.6 Study plan The EUROPAIN STUDY is observational and therefore it will not interfere with routine practices of participating units. No changes in diagnostic, therapeutic or any managing strategy of patients are imposed by the participation in this study. This epidemiological study will only collect data on clinical practices in each unit.
The inclusion criteria are:
• All neonates up to a corrected age of 44 weeks post conception. That means, for example, that a baby of 40 weeks gestational age can be included up to 28 days (4 weeks) of post natal age or that a baby of 32 weeks gestational age can be included up to 12 weeks of post natal age.
At the unit level
* No modifications of current managing protocols or strategies are required by the participation in the EUROPAIN STUDY. The unit coordinators will only provide data on local protocols to manage procedural pain and sedation and analgesia in neonates as well as on general statistics of the unit. All treatments are authorized for included neonates since this study does not include any intervention
* A nurse and physician coordinator as well as a data quality manager will be designated for each unit.
At the national level
• The country coordinator will provide data on national guidelines to treat or prevent procedural or continuous pain in neonates.
Data collection
* The duration of data collection for every included infant is 28 days. However, data collection will stop before 28 days if the infant leaves the unit (discharge, death, transfer to another hospital).
* Data will be collected on individual data collection forms. These forms include demographic data, modes of respiration, continuous or intermittent sedative, analgesic or neuro-blocking drugs, pain assessment and drug withdrawal practices.
* Paper patient data collection forms are written in English with a subtitled translation in the country language. The web-based databases display questionnaires in the country language.
* The data collection forms will be completed by the unit nurse or physician coordinator or the person that they will designate.
* For each center, the duration of the inclusion period will be one month.
* Data will be entered on a secure web-based questionnaire.
1.7 Justification of number of patients Regarding the number of neonates to include in order to show possible differences in sedation and analgesia practices among the participating European countries, we have considered a scenario where differences are small. Thus, we have chosen an effect size (W) of 0.1. We have also assumed that 15 countries will participate. Using NCSS-PASS 2008 software, we have found that a total sample size of 2303 neonates will achieve 90% power to detect an effect size (W) of 0.1 using a 14 degrees (15 centers) of freedom Chi-Square test with a significance level (alpha) of 0.05. Therefore, we aim at including an average of 154 neonates per participating country.
1.8 Main Actions carried out during the study
* In each country, the National Principal Investigators (NPI) will send invitations to join the study to all level 3 neonatal units of the country. The NPI will then communicate the names, emails and telephone numbers of the units that accept to participate to the EUROPAIN STUDY principal investigators
* The NPI is responsible for the coordination of all units in the country and ensures communication with the EUROPAIN STUDY principal investigators
* The NPI will collect demographic data about the participating country.
* A nurse and physician coordinator as well as a data quality manager will be designated for each unit. The nurse and physician coordinator are responsible for informing all the unit staff about the study.
* The EUROPAIN STUDY principal investigators have prepared a specifically designed web-based database to enter data. Data can be entered directly from the patient's file. A paper copy of this database will be distributed to allow centers that prefer to perform a preliminary entry on paper forms before entering data on the web-based database. The medical coordinator or a person that he (she) will choose will enter the data into these specifically designed databases.
* The physician coordinator will report general statistics of the unit such as number of beds, number of admission, year ventilator-days etc to the Europain study principal investigators.
* Every unit will also report existing local guidelines on sedation and analgesia in ventilated infants, including routines for withdrawal and on the use of pain assessment tools.
* MONITORING PANEL. A monitoring panel will be created to monitor the progress of the study. This panel will ensure communication with all the participating units. This monitoring panel will be constituted by two persons working full-time during the study period. They will be stationed in Paris and working under the responsibility of EUROPAIN STUDY principal investigators.
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- COMPLETED
- Sex
- All
- Target Recruitment
- 6489
- • All neonates up to a corrected age of 44 weeks post conceptional. That means, for example, that an infant born at 40 weeks gestational age can be included up to 28 days (4 weeks) of post natal age or that a baby of 32 weeks gestational age can be included up to 12 weeks of post natal age.
NOTE: Since this is an observational epidemiological study, all eligible infants of the unit during the study period should be included.
- • The only exclusion criteria of this observational study is the participation of the neonate in a research study including a randomization for the use of sedative or analgesic drugs in ventilated neonates.
Study & Design
- Study Type
- OBSERVATIONAL
- Study Design
- Not specified
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method The frequency of ventilated neonates receiving sedation and analgesia in different European units one year
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method The length of use of medications administered for sedation and analgesia in ventilated neonates one year Similarities and differences in sedation and analgesia practices among European countries one year The medications used for sedation and analgesia in ventilated neonates across Europe one year
Trial Locations
- Locations (240)
Academic medical Center Amsterdam - Emma Children's Hospital
🇳🇱Amsterdam, Netherlands
ErasmusMC - Sophia Childrens Hospital
🇳🇱Rotterdam, Netherlands
"Lito" Maternity Hospital
🇬🇷Athens, Greece
University of Patras
🇬🇷Patras, Greece
Universitaire Ziekenhuis Antwerpen
🇧🇪Antwerpen, Belgium
Stavanger University Hospital
🇳🇴Stavanger, Norway
CHU Pau
🇫🇷Pau, France
Maxima Medical Center Veldhoven
🇳🇱Veldhoven, Netherlands
Haukeland University Hospital
🇳🇴Bergen, Norway
Vestre Viken Hospital
🇳🇴Drammen, Norway
Ostfold Hospital
🇳🇴Fredrikstad, Norway
University Hospital Utrecht - Wilhelmina Children's Hospital
🇳🇱Utrecht, Netherlands
Isala Clinics Zwolle - Amalia Children's Hospital
🇳🇱Zwolle, Netherlands
Nordland Hospital
🇳🇴Bodø, Norway
Sorlandet Hospital
🇳🇴Kristiansand, Norway
Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla
🇪🇸Santander, Spain
Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre
🇪🇸Madrid, Spain
Medway Maritime Hospital
🇬🇧Gillingham, United Kingdom
Liverpool Women's Hospital NICU
🇬🇧Liverpool, United Kingdom
CHU Caen
🇫🇷Caen, France
CH Bretagne Atlantique
🇫🇷Vannes, France
Royal United Hospital
🇬🇧Bath, United Kingdom
Sandwell and West Birmingham
🇬🇧Birmingham, United Kingdom
Colchester General Hospital
🇬🇧Colchester, United Kingdom
Bradford Royal Infirmary
🇬🇧Bradford, United Kingdom
Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
🇬🇧Swindon, United Kingdom
Royal Derby Hospital
🇬🇧Derby, United Kingdom
St Mary's Hospital
🇬🇧Manchester, United Kingdom
Rotherham District General Hospital
🇬🇧Rotherham, United Kingdom
Calderdale Royal Hospital
🇬🇧West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
Kuopio University Hospital
🇫🇮Kuopio, Finland
Sykehuset Innlandet Lillehammer
🇳🇴Lillehammer, Norway
Akershus University Hospital
🇳🇴Lørenskog, Norway
Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet
🇳🇴Oslo, Norway
Telemark Hospital
🇳🇴Skien, Norway
University Hospital of North Norway
🇳🇴Tromsø, Norway
Clinical Hospital Ks.Anna Mazowiecka
🇵🇱Warsaw, Poland
Hospitale Divino Espirito Santo
🇵🇹Açores, Portugal
Hospital San Marcos
🇵🇹Braga, Portugal
Vestfold Hospital
🇳🇴Tønsberg, Norway
Oddzial Noworodkow
🇵🇱Bydgoszcz, Poland
Hospital Orłowskiego Warsaw
🇵🇱Warsaw, Poland
Oddział Neonatologiczny
🇵🇱Warsaw, Poland
Hospitale Funchal
🇵🇹Madeira, Portugal
Hospital San João
🇵🇹Porto, Portugal
Universitäts-klinik für Kinder und Jugendheilkunde Salzburg
🇦🇹Salzburg, Austria
Universitäts klinik für Kinder-und Jugenheilkunde Wien
🇦🇹Wien, Austria
Landeskran- kenhaus Leoben
🇦🇹Leoben, Austria
Hôpital Erasme ULB,
🇧🇪Bruxelles, Belgium
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tivoli
🇧🇪La Louvière, Belgium
Neonatal Intensiv Care Unit, Arch. Makarios Hospital
🇨🇾Nicosia, Cyprus
Centre Hospitalier Régional de la Citadelle
🇧🇪Liège, Belgium
Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Tartu University Clinics
🇪🇪Tartu, Estonia
Oulu University Hospital
🇫🇮Oulu, Finland
Helsinki University Hospital
🇫🇮Helsinki, Finland
Turku University Hospital
🇫🇮Turku, Finland
CHR Félix Guyon
🇫🇷Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
CHU Amiens
🇫🇷Amiens, France
CH Côte Basque
🇫🇷Bayonne, France
CHU Besançon
🇫🇷Besançon, France
CHU Angers
🇫🇷Angers, France
CH Arras
🇫🇷Arras, France
CHU Bordeaux
🇫🇷Bordeaux, France
CHU de Brest
🇫🇷Brest, France
CH Cherbourg
🇫🇷Cherbourg, France
CH Chambéry
🇫🇷Chambéry, France
CHU Dijon
🇫🇷Dijon, France
CHU Clermont Ferrand
🇫🇷Clermont Ferrand, France
CH Le Havre
🇫🇷Le Havre, France
CH Le Mans
🇫🇷Le Mans, France
CHU Lyon Croix Rousse
🇫🇷Lyon, France
Hôpital Femme,Mère, enfant
🇫🇷Lyon, France
CHU Nancy
🇫🇷Nancy, France
Hôpital de la conception - APHM
🇫🇷Marseille, France
CHU de Montpellier
🇫🇷Montpellier, France
CHR Orléans
🇫🇷Orléans, France
CHU Nice
🇫🇷Nice, France
CHU de Nîmes
🇫🇷Nîmes, France
CHU Reims
🇫🇷Reims, France
CHU Rennes
🇫🇷Rennes, France
CH Rouen
🇫🇷Rouen, France
Ch Saint Etienne
🇫🇷Saint-Etienne, France
CHRU de Strasbourg
🇫🇷Strasbourg, France
CHU Toulouse
🇫🇷Toulouse, France
CHU Tours
🇫🇷Tours, France
Klinikum Coburg
🇩🇪Coburg, Germany
CH Troyes
🇫🇷Troyes, France
Klinik fUr Kinder und Jugendliche Sozialstiftung Bamberg
🇩🇪Bamberg, Germany
Cnopf'sche Kinderklinik
🇩🇪Nuremberg, Germany
Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine University Hospital Erlangen
🇩🇪Erlangen, Germany
"Gaia" Maternity Hospital
🇬🇷Athens, Greece
"Mitera" General Maternity and Pediatric Clinic
🇬🇷Athens, Greece
"Rea" Maternity Hospital
🇬🇷Athens, Greece
University Hospital of Heraklion
🇬🇷Heraklion, Greece
Helena Venilezoy Maternit y Hospital
🇬🇷Athens, Greece
Alexandras Hospital general
🇬🇷Athens, Greece
Children's Hospital "Agia Sophia"
🇬🇷Athens, Greece
University of Ioannina
🇬🇷Ioannina, Greece
2nd Dept of Neonatalogy, Aristole University of Thessaloniki
🇬🇷Thessaloniki, Greece
1st Dept of Neonatalogy, Aristole University of Thessaloniki
🇬🇷Thessaloniki, Greece
Menn Esy, Hippokratio General Hospital
🇬🇷Thessaloniki, Greece
UO TIN Neonatologia AOU Sant'Orsola Malpighi
🇮🇹Bologna, Italy
TIN Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio
🇮🇹Agrigento, Italy
TIN Bolzano
🇮🇹Bolzano, Italy
UO TIN e Patologia Neonatale
🇮🇹Treviso, Italy
TIN Como Valduce
🇮🇹Como, Italy
Ospedale Careggi
🇮🇹Firenze, Italy
U.O. di Neonatologia e PatNeo con T.I. - Istituti Ospitalieri
🇮🇹Cremona, Italy
Patologia Neonatale Lodi
🇮🇹Lodi, Italy
IN Ospedale Macedonio Melloni Milano-AO Fatebenefratellied Oftalmico
🇮🇹Milano, Italy
TIN Centro IRCSS Ca Granda-Policlinico Osp.Maggiore Mangiagalli LI
🇮🇹Milano, Italy
TIN Modena
🇮🇹Modena, Italy
UO Neonatologia Santa Chiara
🇮🇹Pisa, Italy
TIN A.O.Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli
🇮🇹Reggio Calabria, Italy
TIN/Neonatologia- fondazione MBBM- H San Gerardo
🇮🇹Monza, Italy
UTIN Perugia
🇮🇹Perugia, Italy
TIN E Patologia Neonatale Dip. di Salute della donna e del bambino- Università di Padova
🇮🇹Padova, Italy
Azienda Ospedaliera ASMN, Reggio Emilia
🇮🇹Reggio Emilia, Italy
NICU Rimini
🇮🇹Rimini, Italy
TIN Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù
🇮🇹Roma, Italy
UO Neonatologia e TIN Ospedale Santa Chiara
🇮🇹Trento, Italy
Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Sassari
🇮🇹Sassari, Italy
TIN Ospedale San Pietro FBF
🇮🇹Roma, Italy
Ospedale Maria Vittoria, Torino
🇮🇹Torino, Italy
Patologia Neonatale Ospedale S.M.Misericordia
🇮🇹Udine, Italy
Terapia Intensiva Neonatale e Pediatrica
🇮🇹Verona, Italy
U.O.Patologia e Terapia Intensiva Neonatale AOUI Borgo Roma
🇮🇹Verona, Italy
TIN Ospedale San Bortolo
🇮🇹Vicenza, Italy
Mater Dei Hospital, Triq Dun Karm
🇲🇹Msida, Malta
Department of Neonatology Lithuanian University of Health Sciences,
🇱🇹Kaunas, Lithuania
Oslo University Hospital - Ullevaal
🇳🇴Oslo, Norway
Hospital Universitario de Salamanca
🇪🇸Salamanca, Spain
Departement of Neonato- logy Medical University in Wrocław
🇵🇱Wrocław, Poland
Hospitale Faro
🇵🇹Faro, Portugal
Maternidade Daniel Matos
🇵🇹Coimbra, Portugal
Hospitale Espirito Santa
🇵🇹Evora, Portugal
Hospital Santa Maria
🇵🇹Lisboa, Portugal
Maternity Dr Alfredo da Costa
🇵🇹Lisboa, Portugal
Hospitale Amadora Sintra
🇵🇹Lisboa, Portugal
Hospital Sant Joan de Déu
🇪🇸Barcelona, Spain
Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña
🇪🇸A Coruña, Spain
Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias
🇪🇸Alcalá de Henares, Spain
Hospital General de Alicante
🇪🇸Alicante, Spain
Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau
🇪🇸Barcelona, Spain
Hospital Clinic de Barcelona
🇪🇸Barcelona, Spain
Hospital Vall d´Hebron
🇪🇸Barcelona, Spain
Hospital General de Castellón
🇪🇸Castellón de la Plana, Spain
Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar
🇪🇸Cádiz, Spain
Hospital Universitario de Donostia
🇪🇸Donostia, Spain
Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta
🇪🇸Gerona, Spain
Hospital Infantil Universitario La Paz
🇪🇸Madrid, Spain
Hospital San Pedro de Logroño
🇪🇸Logroño, Spain
Hospital Clínico San Carlos (Madrid)
🇪🇸Madrid, Spain
Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa
🇪🇸Leganés. Madrid, Spain
Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón
🇪🇸Madrid, Spain
Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra
🇪🇸Pamplona, Spain
Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias
🇪🇸Oviedo, Spain
Complexo Hospitalario de Pontevedra
🇪🇸Pontevedra, Spain
Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago
🇪🇸Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Hospital Virgen Macarena
🇪🇸Sevilla, Spain
Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe
🇪🇸Valencia, Spain
Hospital Virgen de la Salud (Toledo)
🇪🇸Toledo, Spain
Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo
🇪🇸Vigo, Spain
Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet
🇪🇸Zaragoza, Spain
Hospital Clínico Lozano Blesa
🇪🇸Zaragoza, Spain
Hospital Universitario de Álava
🇪🇸Álava, Spain
Karolinska University Hospital (Stockholm)
🇸🇪Stockholm, Sweden
Sachsska Barnsjukhuset (Stockholm)
🇸🇪Stockholm, Sweden
Hospital Lasarettet
🇸🇪Falun, Sweden
Universitetssjukhuset
🇸🇪Örebro, Sweden
Akademiska Barnsjukhuset
🇸🇪Uppsala, Sweden
Birmingham Heartlands Hospital
🇬🇧Birmingham, United Kingdom
Countess of Chester
🇬🇧Chester, United Kingdom
Blackpool Teaching Hospital Foundation Trust
🇬🇧Blackpool, United Kingdom
Royal Berkshire NHSFT
🇬🇧Berkshire, United Kingdom
Aberdeen Maternity Hospital
🇬🇧Aberdeen, United Kingdom
Birmingham Children's Hospital
🇬🇧Birmingham, United Kingdom
Birmingham Womens Hospital
🇬🇧Birmingham, United Kingdom
Royal Bolton Hospital
🇬🇧Bolton, United Kingdom
Bristol Royal Infirmary
🇬🇧Bristol, United Kingdom
Royal Alexander Children's Hospital
🇬🇧Brighton, United Kingdom
Southmead Hospital
🇬🇧Bristol, United Kingdom
Burnley General Hospital
🇬🇧Burnley, United Kingdom
St Michael's Hospital, Bristol NICU
🇬🇧Bristol, United Kingdom
North Tees Hospital
🇬🇧Cleveland, United Kingdom
University Hospitals Coventry & Warwick
🇬🇧Coventry, United Kingdom
Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust
🇬🇧Devon, United Kingdom
Edinburgh Royal Infirmary
🇬🇧Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Doncaster Royal Infirmary
🇬🇧Doncaster, United Kingdom
Airedale NHS Foundation Trust
🇬🇧Keighley, United Kingdom
Kettering General Hospital
🇬🇧Kettering, United Kingdom
Gloucestershire Royal Hospital
🇬🇧Gloucestershire, United Kingdom
Royal Gwent Hospital
🇬🇧Gwent, United Kingdom
Evelina Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust PICU
🇬🇧London, United Kingdom
Leicester Royal Infirmary PICU
🇬🇧Leicester, United Kingdom
Leighton or Mid Cheshire NHS Trust
🇬🇧Leighton, United Kingdom
Leicester Royal infirmary NICU
🇬🇧Leicester, United Kingdom
Leeds General Infirmary
🇬🇧Leeds, United Kingdom
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children PICU
🇬🇧London, United Kingdom
Royal London Hospital
🇬🇧London, United Kingdom
Imperial College London NICU
🇬🇧London, United Kingdom
King's Mill Hospital, Mansfield
🇬🇧Mansfield, United Kingdom
Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust
🇬🇧Manchester, United Kingdom
Newham University Hospital
🇬🇧Newham, United Kingdom
James Cook University Hospital, Middlesborough
🇬🇧Middlesborough, United Kingdom
West Middlesex University Hospital
🇬🇧Middlesex, United Kingdom
Northampton General Hospital Neonatal Unit
🇬🇧Northampton, United Kingdom
Derriford Hospital, Plymouth
🇬🇧Plymouth, United Kingdom
Southport & Ormskirk & District General Hospital Neonatal Unit
🇬🇧Ormskirk, United Kingdom
Queen's Medical Centre
🇬🇧Nottingham, United Kingdom
John Radcliffe Hospital
🇬🇧Oxford, United Kingdom
Royal Preston Hospital
🇬🇧Preston, United Kingdom
Queen's Hospital, Romford
🇬🇧Romford, United Kingdom
University Hospital Of North Staffordshire NHS Trust
🇬🇧Staffordshire, United Kingdom
Jessop Wing, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust
🇬🇧Sheffield, United Kingdom
Royal Shrewsbury Hospital
🇬🇧Shrewsbury, United Kingdom
Singleton Hospital
🇬🇧Singleton, United Kingdom
Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton
🇬🇧Taunton, United Kingdom
Royal Cornwall Hospital
🇬🇧Treliske, United Kingdom
Warrington Hospital
🇬🇧Warrington, United Kingdom
Pinderfields General Hospital
🇬🇧West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton
🇬🇧Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
University Hospital of South Manchester, Wythenshawe
🇬🇧Wythenshawe, United Kingdom
Worcester Royal Hospital
🇬🇧Worcester, United Kingdom
York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
🇬🇧York, United Kingdom
CHU Poitiers
🇫🇷Poitiers, France
Haugesund Hospital
🇳🇴Haugesund, Norway
Universitäts-klinik für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde Innsbruck
🇦🇹Innsbruck, Austria
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Tallinn Children's Hospital
🇪🇪Tallinn, Estonia
Tampere University Hospital
🇫🇮Tampere, Finland
St. Olavs hospital
🇳🇴Trondheim, Norway
Maternidade Bissaya Barreto
🇵🇹Coimbra, Portugal
Hospital Dona Estefânia
🇵🇹Lisboa, Portugal
Department of obstetric and gynecology, medical University of Warsaw
🇵🇱Warsaw, Poland
Hospitale Vila Nova Gaia
🇵🇹Gaia, Portugal
Aalesund Hospital
🇳🇴Ålesund, Norway
Szpital Wojewódzki Koszalin
🇵🇱Koszalin, Poland
Children's Memorial Health Institute Warsaw
🇵🇱Warsaw, Poland
Hospitale Sao Francisco Xavier
🇵🇹Lisboa, Portugal
Royal Brompton Hospital
🇬🇧Brompton, United Kingdom