Effects of Native Whey or Milk Supplementation on Adaptations to 12 Weeks of Strength Training in Young and Elderly
- Conditions
- HealthyElderlyYoung
- Interventions
- Dietary Supplement: MilkDietary Supplement: Native wheyOther: Strength training
- Registration Number
- NCT03033953
- Lead Sponsor
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences
- Brief Summary
The aim of this study is to investigate the long term adaptations to 11 (elderly) or 12 (young) weeks of strength training when supplemented with native whey or milk. The investigators hypothesize that native whey will give greater increases in muscle hypertrophy and strength than milk.
- Detailed Description
Increasing or maintaining muscle mass is of great importance for populations ranging from athletes to patients and elderly. Resistance exercise and protein ingestion are two of the most potent stimulators of muscle protein synthesis. Both the physical characteristic of proteins (e.g. different digestion rates of whey and casein) and the amino acid composition, affects the potential of a certain protein to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Given its superior ability to rapidly increase blood leucine concentrations to high levels, whey is often considered the most potent protein source to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Native whey protein is produced by filtration of unprocessed milk. Consequently, native whey has different characteristics than milk. Of special interest is the higher amounts of the highly anabolic amino acid leucine in native whey.
The higher levels of leucine can be of great interest for elderly individuals as some studies in elderly has shown an anabolic resistance to the effects of protein feeding and strength training. By increasing levels of leucine one might overcome this anabolic resistance in the elderly.
The aim of this double-blinded, randomized, partial cross-over study is to compare the changes in muscle hypertrophy and strength after a 11 (elderly) or 12 (young) week training intervention with daily supplementation of either 2x20g of native whey or milk proteins in young and elderly individuals. In order to explain potential differences between supplements an acute study investigating acute responses in blood amino acid concentrations and intracellular signalling is planned, in a subgroup of participants, before and after the training intervention.
The investigators hypothesize that native whey will induce greater muscle hypertrophy and strength gains than milk.
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- COMPLETED
- Sex
- All
- Target Recruitment
- 66
- Healthy in the sense that they can conduct training and testing
- Able to understand Norwegian language written and oral
- Between 20 and 45, or above 70 years of age
- Diseases or injuries contraindicating participation
- Use of dietary supplements (e.g. proteins, vitamins and creatine)
- Lactose intolerance
- Allergy to milk
- Allergy towards local anesthetics (xylocain)
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- PARALLEL
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description Milk supplementation Strength training 11 (elderly) or 12 (young) weeks of strength training and daily supplementation of 2x20g milk protein. Milk supplementation Milk 11 (elderly) or 12 (young) weeks of strength training and daily supplementation of 2x20g milk protein. Native whey Strength training 11 (elderly) or 12 (young) weeks of strength training and daily supplementation of 2x20g native whey protein. Native whey Native whey 11 (elderly) or 12 (young) weeks of strength training and daily supplementation of 2x20g native whey protein.
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Lean mass After 11-12 weeks of strength training Measured by whole body dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Thigh muscle cross sectional area After 11-12 weeks of strength training Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
1 repetition maximum in bench press After 11-12 weeks of strength training Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP-1) change from baseline 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
Plasma amino acid concentration 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Muscle force generating capacity change from baseline 15 min before, 10 min, 2.5 hours and 24 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Measured as unilateral isometric knee extension force (Nm) with 90° in the hip and knee joints.
Serum insulin 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Serum creatine kinase 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Tumor necrosis factor alfa messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention Thickness of the lateral vasti After 11-12 weeks of strength training Measured by ultrasound
Serum glucose 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2) change from baseline 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
Serum urea 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Interleukin 8 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Arm cross sectional area After 11-12 weeks of strength training Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Ratio of phosphorylated to total ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1(P70S6K) change from baseline 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
Pectoralis muscle cross sectional area After 11-12 weeks of strength training Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
1 repetition maximum in leg press After 11-12 weeks of strength training Interleukin 1b mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Fasting cholesterol (only in elderly) After 11-12 weeks of strength training Tumor necrosis factor alfa mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Interleukin 4 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Interleukin 17D mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA 30 min after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Fasting LDL (only in elderly) After 11-12 weeks of strength training Interleukin 6 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Interleukin 10 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Forkhead Box O3 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Fasting triglycerides (only in elderly) After 11-12 weeks of strength training Fasting HDL (only in elderly) After 11-12 weeks of strength training Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Atrogin-1 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Myosin Heavy Chain 1mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Trial Locations
- Locations (1)
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences
🇳🇴Oslo, Norway