Effectiveness of a 3-month Individual Reminiscence Therapy Program on Global Cognition, Mood, and Quality of Life in Older Adults With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a genetic and sporadic neurodegenerative disease that is associated with a decline in cognitive function, memory, speech, and ultimately sensory and motor problems. The onset of these changes may be gradual or sudden. In people with mild Alzheimer's, symptoms such as learning and memory problems, poor judgment, mood swings, depression, and restlessness occur.

The absence of an effective pharmacological treatment that halts or delays the development of the disease has aroused interest in non-pharmacological therapies (NPT) as a complement to pharmacological treatment that can improve the quality of life of older adults with AD. One of the most researched NPT and with the greatest tradition in this field is Reminiscence Therapy (RT).

RT implies the discussion of past activities, events and experiences, usually with the help of triggers (e.g., photographs, home objects and other familiar items from the past, music, any object or stimulus) that serve to stimulate memories. In its application to dementias, RT is based on the fact that the memory deficit of people with dementia implies that they are able to remember events from their past life, especially from childhood to early adulthood, but not newer facts. It focuses on preserved capacities and memories, promotes communication and enables the person to connect with his past and recover his sense of personal identity. In this way, the RT can be understood as an intervention on the edge of those of cognitive orientation and those centred on emotion, with potential interactive effects on autobiographical memory and psychological well-being.

In simplified form, there are at least two approaches to RT. The first approach as a "life review" where participants are guided through significant experiences of their biography trying to give meaning to their lives. This type of RT is more structured and is usually conducted in an individual format. It may involve the production of "life books". This approach is considered to have an integrative function aimed at achieving a sense of validation, coherence and reconciliation with one's past. Another approach that call general or simple reminiscence, implies the stimulation of autobiographical memory during conversations on specific themes of the past (e.g, holidays, food and drink, work) using stimulus to trigger memories. It has been described as an unstructured autobiographical memory narration. This reminiscence format can be conducted both individually and in groups and promotes communication between participants who share their memories and stories.

In either format that RT is applied on, the introduction of triggering stimulus (e.g., photographs, music, old objects) to help memory is considered fundamental. These triggers can be generic, reflecting common experiences in the lives of people relevant to their age group (e.g., a school manual can serve as a reminder of the experience during their school stage), or specific, with stimulus related to the person's own experiences (e.g., photographs of an important vital event such as their wedding day or a journey during their youth).