External Validation of the Falls Decision Rule to Exclude Intracranial Bleeding Without Head CT in Geriatric Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With A Fall

In the geriatric population (≥65 years), falls are responsible for 70% of traumatic brain injury. Computed tomography (CT) evaluation of the brain used in evaluating these patients makes it possible to detect intracranial hemorrhage in the early period. Thus, it plays a critical role in initiating timely and necessary interventions. These interventions include blood pressure control, hemorrhage control, and neurosurgical interventions.

Although the most important cause of intracranial hemorrhage in this population is falls, studies have shown that bleeding occurs in only 5% of geriatric patients who fall. Therefore, it is inefficient and costly to perform brain CT evaluation in every patient.

Rules have been developed to assist the clinician in identifying patients at risk of intracranial hemorrhage, which has a relatively low incidence but significant morbidity and mortality. The Canadian Brain CT rule, one of the most widely used rules for this purpose, determines the need for brain CT in patients with head trauma. However, this rule applies to patients with disorientation, amnesia, or loss of consciousness. There are insufficient studies to guide neuroimaging for older adults who hit their heads while falling but do not experience these symptoms. In addition, guidance from the literature for older adults who fall but cannot describe what happened or did not hit their heads is also insufficient. The 'Falls Decision Rule' was developed by de Wit et al. in 2023 to assess the need for CT in this patient group. This criterion was developed by including a total of 4308 patients in the United States and Canadian emergency departments. It suggests that in patients in the geriatric population, there is no need for Brain CT in the absence of significant head trauma due to falls, no memory loss due to falls, no newly developing neurological examination disorder, and a clinical frailty score of less than 5. The sensitivity of this score to exclude clinically significant bleeding is 98.6% (95% CI 94.9-99.6), and the negative predictive value is 99.8% (95% CI 99.2-99.8).

This newly developed rule was developed only in a specific geographical region. In this study, external validation of this newly developed score was planned in order to evaluate its safety, applicability, and accuracy.

Patients over 65 years of age who come to the emergency department with a fall will be observationally recorded on the case form after obtaining consent from the patient or his/her relatives and will be followed up for clinically significant intracranial hemorrhage within 42 days. This study is a validation study, and the protocol used in the original study will be followed. The study is a prospective observational study. The study will start after ethics committee approval and will be conducted at Marmara University Pendik Training and Research Hospital. The data collection process will be completed when the targeted sample size is reached.