Pediatric Pain Assessment in the Emergency Department

Terminated

Brief Summary: To examine pediatric pain assessment in the Emergency Department

Detailed Description: Phase 1 is a qualitative assessment of how pain is currently evaluated in the pediatric Emergency Department (ED). Initial triage encounters will be observed and audio recorded. In addition to determining how often the Wong Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (WBF) is administered with the intended script, the investigators will determine if there are common variations from the recommended script. The investigators will also evaluate how often a caregiver's perception of the child's pain is considered when completing the WBF.

Phase 2 is a quantitative assessment to determine if neurocognitive development impacts the responsivity of the WBF and the Faces Pain Scale - Revised (FPS-R) as well as the cognitive age equivalent required to use these scales accurately. Patients presenting with acute pain will report their level of pain before and after analgesic intervention using both the WBF and the FPS-R. They will also subjectively report their change in pain following analgesic intervention. Once the patient's pain has improved, he/she will complete the BRIGANCE Early Childhood Screens III to determine his/her cognitive age equivalent. He/she will also complete a series of tasks aimed to assess ability to successfully use the WBF and FPS-R (matching, grouping, classification, and seriation skills). The results of the child's self-report of pain will also be compared to the caregiver's estimate of the child's pain.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria

Exclusion Criteria

altered mental status
history of traumatic brain injury (TBI)
history of developmental delay
history of Autism
history of chronic pain, defined as persistent or recurrent pain in children with chronic health conditions
non-verbal patients

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Faces Pain Scale - Revised (FPS-R)	One day	The scale shows a series of faces ranging from a happy face at 0, or "no hurt", to a crying face at 10, which represents "hurts like the worst pain imaginable". Change in pain scale response before and after analgesic intervention that correlates with a subjective description of change in pain (better or worse).
Wong-Baker FACES ® Pain Rating Scale (WBF)	One day	The scale shows a series of faces ranging from a happy face at 0, or "no hurt", to a crying face at 10, which represents "hurts like the worst pain imaginable". Change in pain scale response before and after analgesic intervention that correlates with a subjective description of change in pain (better or worse).
Qualitative Assessment (Phase 1 - Primary Aim)	One day	Adherence to a validated script for pain scale administration (dichotomous value - yes/no)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Convergent reliability between WBF and FPS-R (Phase 2 Secondary Aim #1)	One day	Convergent reliability between WBF and FPS-R - determined by pre and post analgesia reports of pain using the FPS-R and WBF by the patient. Both scales show a series of faces ranging from a happy face at 0, or "no hurt", to a crying face at 10, which represents "hurts like the worst pain imaginable".
Pre and Post Analgesia Pain Scores Using WBF and FPS-R as Reported by Patients and Caregivers	One day	Inter-rater reliability between children and caregivers when using WBF and FPS-R, determined by pre and post analgesia reports of pain using the FPS-R and WBF by both the patient and caregiver. Both scales show a series of faces ranging from a happy face at 0, or "no hurt", to a crying face at 10, which represents "hurts like the worst pain imaginable".

Locations (1): Simone Lorraine Lawson
🇺🇸
Charlotte, North Carolina, United States

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