An Evaluation of Social Media Warning Labels for Teens and Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 入组人数
- 1,012
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Perceived message effectiveness for discouraging social media use
研究概览
简要总结
The primary objective of this study is to evaluate whether social media warnings are perceived as more effective than control labels among teens and young adults, and to identify the most promising topics for social media warnings for these age groups. A secondary objective is to compare perceived message effectiveness of warnings refined using artificial intelligence (AI) vs. those not refined using AI.
详细描述
Participants will complete a within-subjects online randomized experiment in which they will view and rate messages on the risk of social media use. Participants will view messages about 9 topics: 8 warning topics and 1 control topic. The 8 warning topics include 7 potential mandatory warnings (depression and anxiety, body image, addiction, sleep, mental health harms to children, not been proven safe, and California's proposed warning) and 1 voluntary warning (similar to a message used on TikTok to encourage users to take breaks). For each topic, participants will view 1-2 messages and respond to survey items about that message. All messages will be shown in random order.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Na
- 干预模型
- Single Group
- 主要目的
- Prevention
- 盲法
- None
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 13 Years 至 29 Years（Child, Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Age between 13-29 years
- •Reside in the United States
- •Able to complete a survey in English
- •Access to the internet
排除标准
- •Younger than 13 or older than 29 years
- •Reside outside of the United States
- •Unable to complete a survey in English
- •Lacks access to the internet
研究组 & 干预措施
Warning labels
Participants view 15 messages in random order: 6 warning messages about social media developed by a team of human experts (1 each about 6 different topics), 6 warning messages about social media developed by artificial intelligence (1 each about the same 6 topics as the human-developed messages), an additional 1 warning message that mirrors the language proposed by the state of California, 1 voluntary warning message developed by human experts, and 1 control message.
干预措施: Human-developed negative body image warning (Behavioral)
Warning labels
Participants view 15 messages in random order: 6 warning messages about social media developed by a team of human experts (1 each about 6 different topics), 6 warning messages about social media developed by artificial intelligence (1 each about the same 6 topics as the human-developed messages), an additional 1 warning message that mirrors the language proposed by the state of California, 1 voluntary warning message developed by human experts, and 1 control message.
干预措施: Voluntary warning (Behavioral)
Warning labels
Participants view 15 messages in random order: 6 warning messages about social media developed by a team of human experts (1 each about 6 different topics), 6 warning messages about social media developed by artificial intelligence (1 each about the same 6 topics as the human-developed messages), an additional 1 warning message that mirrors the language proposed by the state of California, 1 voluntary warning message developed by human experts, and 1 control message.
干预措施: Human-developed depression and anxiety warning (Behavioral)
Warning labels
Participants view 15 messages in random order: 6 warning messages about social media developed by a team of human experts (1 each about 6 different topics), 6 warning messages about social media developed by artificial intelligence (1 each about the same 6 topics as the human-developed messages), an additional 1 warning message that mirrors the language proposed by the state of California, 1 voluntary warning message developed by human experts, and 1 control message.
干预措施: Human-developed addiction warning (Behavioral)
Warning labels
Participants view 15 messages in random order: 6 warning messages about social media developed by a team of human experts (1 each about 6 different topics), 6 warning messages about social media developed by artificial intelligence (1 each about the same 6 topics as the human-developed messages), an additional 1 warning message that mirrors the language proposed by the state of California, 1 voluntary warning message developed by human experts, and 1 control message.
干预措施: Human-developed sleep warning (Behavioral)
Warning labels
Participants view 15 messages in random order: 6 warning messages about social media developed by a team of human experts (1 each about 6 different topics), 6 warning messages about social media developed by artificial intelligence (1 each about the same 6 topics as the human-developed messages), an additional 1 warning message that mirrors the language proposed by the state of California, 1 voluntary warning message developed by human experts, and 1 control message.
干预措施: Human-developed mental health harms to young people warning (Behavioral)
Warning labels
Participants view 15 messages in random order: 6 warning messages about social media developed by a team of human experts (1 each about 6 different topics), 6 warning messages about social media developed by artificial intelligence (1 each about the same 6 topics as the human-developed messages), an additional 1 warning message that mirrors the language proposed by the state of California, 1 voluntary warning message developed by human experts, and 1 control message.
干预措施: Human-developed warning that social media has not been proven safe (Behavioral)
Warning labels
Participants view 15 messages in random order: 6 warning messages about social media developed by a team of human experts (1 each about 6 different topics), 6 warning messages about social media developed by artificial intelligence (1 each about the same 6 topics as the human-developed messages), an additional 1 warning message that mirrors the language proposed by the state of California, 1 voluntary warning message developed by human experts, and 1 control message.
干预措施: Control message (Behavioral)
Warning labels
Participants view 15 messages in random order: 6 warning messages about social media developed by a team of human experts (1 each about 6 different topics), 6 warning messages about social media developed by artificial intelligence (1 each about the same 6 topics as the human-developed messages), an additional 1 warning message that mirrors the language proposed by the state of California, 1 voluntary warning message developed by human experts, and 1 control message.
干预措施: California's proposed social media warning (Behavioral)
Warning labels
Participants view 15 messages in random order: 6 warning messages about social media developed by a team of human experts (1 each about 6 different topics), 6 warning messages about social media developed by artificial intelligence (1 each about the same 6 topics as the human-developed messages), an additional 1 warning message that mirrors the language proposed by the state of California, 1 voluntary warning message developed by human experts, and 1 control message.
干预措施: Artificial-intelligence-developed depression and anxiety warning (Behavioral)
Warning labels
Participants view 15 messages in random order: 6 warning messages about social media developed by a team of human experts (1 each about 6 different topics), 6 warning messages about social media developed by artificial intelligence (1 each about the same 6 topics as the human-developed messages), an additional 1 warning message that mirrors the language proposed by the state of California, 1 voluntary warning message developed by human experts, and 1 control message.
干预措施: Artificial-intelligence-developed negative body image warning (Behavioral)
Warning labels
Participants view 15 messages in random order: 6 warning messages about social media developed by a team of human experts (1 each about 6 different topics), 6 warning messages about social media developed by artificial intelligence (1 each about the same 6 topics as the human-developed messages), an additional 1 warning message that mirrors the language proposed by the state of California, 1 voluntary warning message developed by human experts, and 1 control message.
干预措施: Artificial-intelligence-developed addiction warning (Behavioral)
Warning labels
Participants view 15 messages in random order: 6 warning messages about social media developed by a team of human experts (1 each about 6 different topics), 6 warning messages about social media developed by artificial intelligence (1 each about the same 6 topics as the human-developed messages), an additional 1 warning message that mirrors the language proposed by the state of California, 1 voluntary warning message developed by human experts, and 1 control message.
干预措施: Artificial-intelligence-developed sleep warning (Behavioral)
Warning labels
Participants view 15 messages in random order: 6 warning messages about social media developed by a team of human experts (1 each about 6 different topics), 6 warning messages about social media developed by artificial intelligence (1 each about the same 6 topics as the human-developed messages), an additional 1 warning message that mirrors the language proposed by the state of California, 1 voluntary warning message developed by human experts, and 1 control message.
干预措施: Artificial-intelligence-developed mental health harms to young people warning (Behavioral)
Warning labels
Participants view 15 messages in random order: 6 warning messages about social media developed by a team of human experts (1 each about 6 different topics), 6 warning messages about social media developed by artificial intelligence (1 each about the same 6 topics as the human-developed messages), an additional 1 warning message that mirrors the language proposed by the state of California, 1 voluntary warning message developed by human experts, and 1 control message.
干预措施: Artificial-intelligence-developed warning that social media has not been proven safe (Behavioral)
结局指标
主要结局
Perceived message effectiveness for discouraging social media use
时间窗: The survey will measure perceived message effectiveness immediately after participants are exposed to the message.
The study will assess perceived message effectiveness for discouraging social media use with 1 item: "How much does this message discourage you from wanting to use social media?" Response options will range from "Not at all" (coded as 1) to "A great deal" (coded as 5). Higher scores indicate higher perceived message effectiveness.
次要结局
- Awareness of the harms of social media use(The survey will measure awareness of the harms of social media use immediately after participants are exposed to the message.)
研究者
Anna Grummon
Assistant Professor
Stanford University