Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Women With Type 1 Diabetes in Pregnancy Trial
- Conditions
- Type 1 Diabetics Who Are Pregnant or Planning Pregnancy
- Interventions
- Device: CGM
- Registration Number
- NCT01788527
- Lead Sponsor
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Canada
- Brief Summary
The primary objective of the study is to determine if RT CGM (Real Time-Continuous Glucose Monitoring) can improve glycemic control in women with T1D who are pregnant or planning pregnancy.
- Detailed Description
In women with diabetes, hyperglycemia is associated with increased rates of numerous maternal and fetal adverse outcomes. Mothers are at increased risk of preeclampsia, polyhydramnios, and caesarean sections. Infants of mothers with diabetes have increased rates of congenital anomalies, premature delivery, macrosomia, stillbirth and NICU admissions. Macrosomia itself is associated with numerous adverse fetal outcomes including shoulder dystocia, birth injury, neonatal hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, respiratory distress syndrome and NICU admissions, asphyxia and death. Postprandial blood sugars in particular have been associated with increased macrosomia rates.
Numerous studies have shown that pregnancy outcomes can be reduced with improved glycemic control. In particular, pre-pregnancy care has been shown to assist women improve glucose control during the crucial period of organogenesis, and is associated with reduced rates of adverse pregnancy outcome including major congenital malformation, stillbirth and neonatal death.
Technological advances aimed at reducing glycemic excursions and improving glucose control in patients with diabetes include the continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system. We hypothesize that real-time CGM will assist women with type 1 diabetes to improve their glycemic control before and during pregnancy.
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- COMPLETED
- Sex
- Female
- Target Recruitment
- 325
- Clinical diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and using daily insulin therapy for at least one year
- Age 18-40 years
- Insulin regimen involves either the use of an insulin pump or multiple daily injections of insulin (at least 3 shots per day). Subjects using premixed fixed doses of insulin at the time of enrolment will not be eligible. Insulin regimen must be stable for at least 4 weeks (i.e. on multiple insulin injections or on insulin pump) prior to randomization.
- No expectation that subject will be moving out of the area of the clinical center during the next year, unless the move will be to an area served by another study center
- Informed Consent Form signed by the subject
In addition, specific eligibility criteria apply to the respective groups:
Pre-pregnancy Group:
- Patients who are planning pregnancy and wish to optimise glycemic control before conception
Pregnancy Group:
- Pregnancy gestation ≤13 weeks, 6 days at time of randomization
- Live singleton fetus
- Dating ultrasound (US) done to confirm gestational age, viability and rule out multiples. Gestational age will be based on the last menstrual period (LMP) provided there is a ≤5 day discrepancy with US dates in the first trimester and ≤10 day discrepancy with US dates in the second trimester. If the dates from LMP are outside these limits, the US dates will be used as the best estimate of gestational age.
- Type 2 diabetes
- Gestational diabetes
- Previous participation in the study
- Estimated GFR <60 ml/min/1.73
- The presence of a significant medical disorder or use of a medication such as oral glucocorticoids that in the judgment of the investigator will affect the wearing of the sensors or the completion of any aspect of the protocol.
If the investigator is uncertain whether the patient would be eligible; i.e. if the medical disorder would constitute an exclusion, the Steering Committee will be asked to make the decision.
- Inpatient psychiatric treatment in the past 6 months
- Subjects using premixed fixed doses of insulin at the time of enrolment
In addition, specific exclusion criteria apply to the respective groups:
Pre-pregnancy Group:
- HbA1c <7.0% or >10.0%
Pregnancy Group:
- HbA1c <6.5% or >10.0%
- Known current higher order pregnancies (twins, triplets, etc.) These women will be excluded as they have a higher rate of adverse outcomes and could lead to inequalities if they are unequally distributed between the groups.
- Known potentially major fetal anomaly (as per EUROCAT criteria).
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- PARALLEL
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description CGM CGM Continuous Glucose Monitoring
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Glycemic Control in pre-pregnant group 24 weeks or at conception Glycemic control as measured by HbA1c at 24 weeks or at conception. If the patient becomes pregnant, than a HbA1c will be measured post-confirmation of a positive pregnancy test and will contribute to the primary outcome.
Glycemic Control in pregnant group 34 weeks gestation Glycemic control as measured by HbA1c at 34 weeks gestation. In women who do not progress to 34 weeks gestation, the latest measured HbA1c will be used to contribute to the primary outcome.
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Glucose variability Up to delivery Mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE); Coefficient of Variation (CV); Standard deviation (SD) of CGM measurements; mean absolute rate of change of CGM based on one week of sensor values
HbA1c and time in target, in pre-pregnant group who became pregnant within 24 weeks from randomization 24 weeks and 34 weeks gestation HbA1c and Time in target at post-confirmation of a positive pregnancy test, 24 weeks and 34 weeks gestation for those who start pre-pregnant and become pregnant
HbA1c measurement in pregnant group 24 weeks and 34 weeks gestation HbA1c at randomization, 24 weeks and 34 weeks gestation
Hypertension in pregnant group Up to 42 weeks gestation Incidence of worsening chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia; total and individual measures
Gestational weight gain in pregnant group Up to 34 weeks gestation Entry to 34 weeks gestation; 16 weeks to 34 weeks gestation
Infant Outcomes Until hospital discharge Length of hospital stay
Time in target in pregnant group Randomization, 24 weeks and 34 weeks gestation Time in target at randomization, 24 weeks and 34 weeks gestation
Caesarean sections in pregnant group At delivery Caesarean section: primary and total
Incidence of Clinical events Up to 42 weeks gestation Episodes of 'severe hypoglycemia' requiring assistance; mild-moderate episodes of hypoglycemia \<3.5 (mild) and \<2.8 (moderate) from CGM data defined as AUC \<3.5 or AUC less than or equal to 2.8 for 20 minutes duration; nocturnal hypoglycemia (NH) defined as CGM glucose \<3.5 (mild) and \<2.8 (moderate) between the hours of 23.00-07.00
Infant outcomes Until hospital discharge Neonatal hypoglycemia with intravenous dextrose
Questionnaires Baseline and 24 weeks or at confirmed pregnancy (pre-pregnant); Baseline and 34 weeks (pregnant) BGMSRQ, HFS, PAID, SF12, CGM-SAT; NWTSQ
Hospital stay Admission until hospital discharge Length of hospital stay
Insulin requirements Pre-pregnant (randomization, 12 weeks, 24 weeks); Pregnant (randomization, 24 weeks and 34 weeks gestation) Units per kg per day
Study Contacts Up to delivery Scheduled and unscheduled visits
Time in target in pre-pregnant group 12 and 24 weeks after randomization Time in target at 12 and 24 weeks after randomization
AUC At delivery Area under the curve for blood sugars (a) \>7.8 mmol/l or 140 mg/dl (b)\>6.7 mmol/l or 120 mg/dl (c) \<3.5 mmol/L or \<63 mg/dl (d) \<2.8 mmol/L or \<50 mg/dl
Trial Locations
- Locations (31)
Alberta Health Services - Calgary Zone
🇨🇦Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Sansum Diabetes Research Institute
🇺🇸Santa Barbara, California, United States
IWK Health Centre
🇨🇦Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
McMaster University
🇨🇦Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Kingston General Hospital
🇨🇦Kingston, Ontario, Canada
The Ottawa Hospital
🇨🇦Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
St Joseph's Health Care
🇨🇦London, Ontario, Canada
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
🇨🇦Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Mount Sinai Hospital
🇨🇦Toronto, Ontario, Canada
St-Luc Hospital- Centre hospitalier de L'Universite de Montreal
🇨🇦Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Chuq-Chul
🇨🇦Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
Galway University Hospital
🇮🇪Galway, Ireland
Royal University Saskatoon
🇨🇦Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital
🇮🇹Milan, Italy
Hospital De La Santa Creu I Sant Pau
🇪🇸Barcelona, Spain
University of Aberdeen
🇬🇧Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
Glasgow Royal Infirmary
🇬🇧Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
Russells Hall Hospital
🇬🇧Dudley, West Midlands, United Kingdom
Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust
🇬🇧Ipswich, United Kingdom
Addenbrooke's Hospital
🇬🇧Cambridge, United Kingdom
Guys & St. Thomas'
🇬🇧London, United Kingdom
St James University Hospital
🇬🇧Leeds, United Kingdom
Kings College Hospital
🇬🇧London, United Kingdom
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital
🇬🇧Norwich, United Kingdom
South Tees Hospital NHS Trust
🇬🇧Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
Manchester University Hospital NHS Trust
🇬🇧Manchester, United Kingdom
Royal Victoria Infirmary
🇬🇧Newcastle, United Kingdom
Queen's Medical Centre
🇬🇧Nottingham, United Kingdom
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals
🇬🇧Sheffield, United Kingdom
Princess Anne Hospital
🇬🇧Southampton, United Kingdom
Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
🇬🇧Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom