Non-Pharmacological Treatments for Insomnia in Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury

Recruitment & Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria

Male or female Veterans of any racial or ethnic group
Independent Living (not in nursing home or VA Extended Care facility)
Diagnosis of insomnia using the Duke structured interview
Male or female chronic (>3 months since injury) mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI).
Subjects with PTSD will be included in this study as long as they do not meet criteria for depression described below.
Use of CNS active medications that could significantly impact sleep or alertness is allowed as long as the dose, timing, and formulation are stable (≥ 3 weeks).
Stable adult onset diabetes, controlled with insulin, oral medications or diet is acceptable.
Use of medications, drugs, herbal remedies, or hormones specifically prescribed for treating sleep disturbances is allowed as long as the dose, timing, and formulation are stable (≥ 3 weeks).
Subjects will be assessed for sleep apnea risk by the Berlin Questionnaire. Those with responses suggestive of high risk for apnea will be referred to Pulmonary Medicine for standard clinical screening, but will not be excluded. If subjects with obstructive sleep apnea are using CPAP, we will require stable use throughout the study.

Exclusion Criteria

Sleep-Related

Excessive caffeine consumption (≥ 5 cups of coffee per day) and unable to reduce to ≤ 3 cups before lunch a day for ≥ 3 weeks prior to treatment.
Subjects working a rotating shift or an unconventional daytime shift (ending after 1700 h, expected to be rare in the age group we are studying) will be ineligible.

Neuropsychiatric

Current or lifetime history of a psychiatric disorder with primary psychotic features.
Current or lifetime bipolar disorder; prominent suicidal or homicidal ideation.
Current or within the past 30 days: drug abuse or dependence (except nicotine).
Current or expected cognitive behavior therapy for another condition (e.g. depression).
More than one glass of wine or beer with dinner scheduled at least 3 to 4 hours before bedtime. - Presence of any acute or unstable psychiatric condition(s) that requires referral for treatment.
Folstein Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) < 24.

Medical

Acute or unstable chronic illness: including but not limited to: uncontrolled thyroid disease, kidney, prostate or bladder conditions causing excessively frequent urination (> 3 times per night); medically unstable congestive heart failure, angina, other severe cardiac illness as defined by treatment regimen changes in the prior 3 months; stroke with serious sequelae; cancer if < 1 year since end of treatment; asthma, emphysema, or other severe respiratory diseases uncontrolled with medications; and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and unstable epilepsy as defined by treatment regimen changes in the prior 3 months. Unstable adult onset diabetes will be excluded.

Study & Design

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
CBTI	CBT-I	Patients in this arm will receive Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)
ABTI	ABT-I	Arousal-Based Therapy for Insomnia (ABT-I)

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)	Change from baseline at week 8 after treatment	The primary outcome measure is the Veteran's subjective experience of severity of insomnia measured with the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). The ISI has been shown to be a reliable subjective measure of insomnia severity as well as a sensitive measure of symptom change. This 7-item instrument results in total scores ranging from 0 to 28, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms. Scores above 15 indicate clinical insomnia, and scores above 22 indicate severe symptoms.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method

Recruitment & Eligibility