Impact of Delayed Cord Clamping and Minimally Invasive Surfactant Administration on Outcomes in Premature Infants With Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome at Less Than 30 Weeks Gestation: A NICU Quality Improvement Study

With the rapid advancement of neonatal intensive care technology, the survival rate of premature infants born at less than 30 weeks gestation continues to rise. However, the immaturity of various organ systems leads to a high incidence of complications, and long-term outcomes can often be less than optimistic[1]. Consequently, enhancing both short-term and long-term prognoses for these infants through quality improvement initiatives has become a prominent focus in recent clinical research.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a critical complication in very premature infants, significantly affecting their future survival, as well as their respiratory and neurological development. Preventing and reducing the incidence of BPD is crucial for improving the overall prognosis of these infants[2]. Ensuring postpartum respiratory and circulatory stability while minimizing exposure to early invasive mechanical ventilation is essential for preventing and reducing the incidence of BPD.

The management of respiratory and circulatory conditions in preterm infants begins with delayed umbilical cord clamping (DCC) in the delivery room. Compared to immediate cord clamping (ICC), DCC facilitates the transfer of blood from the placenta to the infant, enhancing the adaptability of vital organs such as the heart, brain, and lungs. This practice supports a smoother transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life, promotes the conversion of respiratory circulation, and can reduce preterm infant mortality by 30%. Additionally, DCC decreases the incidence of complications such as intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, and late-onset sepsis. It also increases blood volume, minimizes the need for blood transfusions, enhances iron storage, and lowers the risk of long-term neurodevelopmental issues. Therefore, DCC emerges as a viable strategy to enhance the perinatal prognosis of preterm infants[4-8]. However, there are limited reports in China regarding the implementation of DCC in premature infants born at less than 30 weeks gestation. The investigators hospital began adopting DCC for preterm infants in 2023 and has developed and standardized the operational procedures for this practice. However, relevant clinical studies have yet to be conducted.

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) is a condition resulting from a deficiency of pulmonary surfactant (PS) in the alveoli. It is the most common respiratory issue encountered by very premature infants, who often experience progressively worsening respiratory distress shortly after birth. Treatment for NRDS involves respiratory support and the administration of exogenous PS. Traditionally, this is done through tracheal intubation. However, recent clinical studies have demonstrated that minimally invasive surfactant administration (MISA) offers several advantages over tracheal intubation. MISA effectively reduces the need for invasive mechanical ventilation within the first 72 hours and plays a significant role in lowering the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)[9].

With advancements in DCC and MISA technology in NICU settings, these approaches have become the preferred options for very premature infants who are breathing spontaneously at birth. To further assess the safety and effectiveness of DCC combined with MISA in the investigators hospital's NICU for premature infants born at less than 30 weeks gestation, the investigators propose this quality improvement study. The study aims to compare the incidence and prognosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and other complications before and after the implementation of DCC and MISA in the NICU.