Proprioceptive Function, Postural Stability & Clinical Outcome After Stump Preserving Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery - A Comparative Study

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is well known to be the knee's primary stabilizer which would be compromised by ligamentous injury, causing various functional deficits. Currently, ACL reconstruction is the common management focus on restoration of stability. Beside joint stabilization, proprioception, defined as the system of joint position sense and movement, is another function of the ACL which has also been widely studied.

The proprioceptive function of human ACL has been recognized since the 1980's. The first study by described the presence of mechanoreceptors in human ACL fibres. Study further proved that ACL is extensively innervated with neural elements.

Numerous studies reported ACL is rich in mechanoreceptors which contribute in proprioceptive function. One study on 29 ACL remnant reported that there are mechanoreceptors including Ruffini, Pacini receptors, Golgi tendon organ-like receptors and free nerves endings in the remnant and showed the numbers of mechanoreceptors is significantly related to joint sense accuracy. Another study performed by same group of researchers reported that a somatosensory evoked potential could be recorded in ACL remnants after electrical stimulation, confirmed original sensory neurons are preserved to certain extent, which may help graft neuralization and restoration of knee function. This further echos with various studies that, in ACL-deficit knee, loss of proprioceptive function is reported with corelation to the number of mechanoreceptors. At a result, it comes up with an idea that preserving the ACL remnant should help maintaining or facilitating proprioceptive function, by the operation technique of ACL augmentation.

ACL augmentation is a relatively new technique which preserves and augments the ACL remnant using extra graft. Under arthroscopic examination, if any of the ACL bundles, anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL), shows a partial tear remnant of reasonable size, thickness and tension, augmentation may be performed instead of reconstruct the whole ligament. Instead of removing the remaining stump, it would be preserved as much as possible, and a formal ACL reconstruction would be performed. A commonly used graft is single-bundle autogenous semitendinosus gracilis tendon. As the retaining ACL fiber contains mechanoreceptor responsible for proprioception, it is believed that better knee proprioception and postural sense could be achieved by preserving the ACL remnant. Also, better vascularization and stronger mechanical protection is expected as native ACL fiber is retained.

The current management of partial tear ACL injury are mainly conservative treatment and surgical treatment, including reconstruction and augmentation. For augmentation, the common practise is to perform a "Selective Bundle Reconstruction", that is to reconstruct the torn bundle, either AM or PL reconstruction, and preserve the remaining intact one.