A Prospective, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind, Randomized Study to Compare Hydralazine-isosorbide-dinitrate(HYIS) Versus Placebo on Top of Std Care in African Patients With Acute Heart Failure (AHF) and Left Ventricular Dysfunction

Heart failure (HF) is a pathophysiologic condition and is a final common pathway of most forms of cardiovascular disease. Patients with HF experience poor quality of life, recurrent emergency hospitalizations and premature mortality.

Recent publications highlight the multiple challenges of dealing with an increasing burden of heart disease within an urban African community. The predominance of women and novel underlying causes contrast with the demographic of HF in high income countries. More than 50% of 5328 de novo cases of heart disease captured at a tertiary clinic in Soweto presented with some form of heart failure, mainly due to poorly treated hypertension, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, peripartum cardiomyopathy and HIV-related cardiomyopathy. The most prevalent form of heart disease was hypertensive heart failure (> 1100 cases).

Programs have been developed in high income countries that cost-effectively prevent progressive cardiac dysfunction in high risk individuals and apply evidence-based treatments to optimize the overall management of HF. There is, however, a paucity of data describing the etiology and underlying cardiac structure and function, as well as contemporary management of HF in low to middle income countries.

In 2005 a number of leading clinicians from Africa and the US published a "call for action" highlighting the need for an African study documenting the aetiology of acute heart failure and the management practices applied to these patients. As a result, The Sub-Saharan Africa Survey of Heart Failure (THESUS HF) study, was initiated in 9 countries in Africa to determine aetiology, treatment, morbidity and mortality of acute heart failure (HF) in the African sub-continent. The data reported in this study are unique as they are the first larger outcome study in acute heart failure from this continent. This first multinational study of over 1000 patients with acute decompensated heart failure conducted in all regions of sub-Saharan Africa shows, for the first time, that the treatment of heart failure is sub-optimal in the region, with relatively low proven medical treatments (such as beta-blockers, hydralazine and nitrates) and inappropriately high use of aspirin in a cohort of patients with non-ischaemic heart failure. This study also had the clear purpose of enhancing research capacity in Africa via collaborative research as outlined in our publication.

The use of Ace inhibitors (ACEi) and hydralazine/nitrates has never been examined in patients admitted with acute heart failure. All studies demonstrating the beneficial effects of these drugs were performed in patients with chronic heart failure. Previous studies have shown that the administration of ACEi in African Americans with chronic heart failure is less effective and not superior to combined treatment with hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate. The African American Heart Failure Trial (A-HeFT) established the benefit of adjunctive administration of isosorbide dinitrate/hydralazine (ISDN/HYD) in addition to standard therapy for African American patients with symptomatic heart failure. The risk of death was reduced by 33% and markers of quality of life were improved.