White Adipose Tissue LDL Receptors and Omega-3 as Modulators of the Risk for Type 2 Diabetes in Subjects With Normal Plasma LDL Cholesterol
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 招募中
- 发起方
- 入组人数
- 48
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Fasting white adipose tissue NLRP3 inflammasome activation
研究概览
简要总结
Every 3 minutes a new case of diabetes is diagnosed in Canada, mostly type 2 diabetes (T2D) increasing the risk for heart disease. T2D and heart disease share many common risk factors such as aging, obesity and unhealthy lifestyle.
Paradoxically however, while lowering blood LDL, commonly known as "bad cholesterol", is protective against heart disease, research over the past 10 years have shown that the lower is blood LDL, the higher is the chance of developing T2D. This phenomena is happening whether blood LDL is lowered by a common drug against heart disease called Statins, or by being born with certain variations in genes, some of which are very common (~80% of people have them).
To date, it is unclear why lowering blood LDL is associated with higher risk for diabetes, and whether this can be treated naturally with certain nutrients.
Investigators believe that lowering blood LDL by forcing LDL entry into the body tissue through their receptors promotes T2D. This is because investigators have shown that LDL entry into human fat tissue induces fat tissue dysfunction, which would promote T2D especially in subjects with excess weight.
On the other hand, investigators have shown that omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3) can directly treat the same defects induced by LDL entry into fat tissue. Omega-3 is a unique type of fat that is found mostly in fish oil.
Thus the objectives of this clinical trial to be conducted in 48 subjects with normal blood LDL are to explore if:
- Subjects with higher LDL receptors and LDL entry into fat tissue have higher risk factors for T2D compared to subjects with lower LDL receptors and LDL entry into fat tissue
- 6-month supplementation of omega-3 from fish oil can treat subjects with higher LDL receptors and LDL entry into fat tissue reducing their risk for T2D.
This study will thus explore and attempt to treat a new risk factor for T2D using an inexpensive and widely accessible nutraceutical, which would aid in preventing T2D in humans.
详细描述
Type 2 (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) share many risk factors, whose accumulation over years lead to disease onset. However, while lowering plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) is cardio-protective, novel evidence over the past 10 years established a role for common LDLC-lowering variants and widely used hypocholesterolemic Statins in higher risk for T2D. This diminishes the cardio-protective role of low plasma LDLC. As these conditions decrease plasma LDLC by increasing tissue-uptake of LDL, a role for LDL receptor (LDLR) pathway was proposed. However underlying mechanisms fueling higher risk for T2D with upregulated LDLR pathway, and nutritional approaches to treat them are unclear.
The central hypothesis examined in this trial is that upregulating receptor-mediated uptake of LDL on white adipose tissue provokes the activation of an innate immunity pathway (the Nucleotide-binding domain and Leucine-rich repeat Receptor, containing a Pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome) leading to the accumulation of risk factors for T2D in subjects with normal plasma LDLC. This can be treated by 6-month supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3).
To examine this hypothesis in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro, a clinical trial in conjunction with mechanistic basic research studies have been initiated at the Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM). Forty eight volunteers will be recruited through advertisements in French/English newspapers and online (e.g. Google, Facebook) and placed on a 6-month supplementation of 3.6 g omega-3 per day. Participants will be stratified into 2 groups (N=24/group) with higher and lower white adipose tissue surface-expression LDL receptors (LDLR and CD36) using median plasma PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin type 9) per sex. Plasma PSCK9 will be used as investigators have shown that it is negatively associated with white adipose tissue surface-expression of LDLR and CD36.
The duration of this study is about 8 months (33 weeks) divided into 5 parts:
A. Screening and evaluation of eligibility for the study
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Na
- 干预模型
- Single Group
- 主要目的
- Prevention
- 盲法
- None
盲法说明
However, subjects will not know into which group they were stratified.
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 45 Years 至 74 Years（Adult, Older Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Men and post-menopausal women:
- •Having a body mass index (BMI= 25-40 kg/m2)
- •Aged between 45 and 74 years
- •Having confirmed menopausal status (FSH ≥ 30 U/l)
- •Non-smoker
- •Sedentary (less than 2 hours of structured physical exercise (ex: sports club) per week)
- •Low alcohol consumption: less than 2 alcoholic drinks/day
排除标准
- •Plasma LDL cholesterol > 3.5 mmol/L (i.e. > 75th percentile in a Canadian population).
- •Elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (≥ 20% of calculated Framingham Risk Score) who would require immediate medical intervention by lipid-lowering agents.
- •Prior history of cardiovascular events (like stroke, transient ischemic attack, myocardial infarction, angina, heart failure…)
- •Systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg
- •Type 1 or 2 diabetes or fasting glucose > 7.0 mmol/L
- •Prior history of cancer within the last 3 years
- •Thyroid disease - untreated or unstable
- •Anemia - Hb < 120 g/L
- •Renal dysfunction or plasma creatinine > 100 µmol/L
- •Hepatic dysfunction - AST/ALT > 3 times normal limit
- •Blood coagulation problems (i.e. bleeding predisposition)
- •Autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disease (i.e. celiac, inflammatory bowel, Graves, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus).Known history of difficulties accessing a vein
- •Claustrophobia
- •Sleep apnea
- •Concomitant medications: Hormone replacement therapy (except thyroid hormone at a stable dose), systemic corticosteroids, anti-psychotic medications and psycho-active medication, anticoagulant or anti-aggregates treatment (Aspirin, NSAIDs, warfarin, coumadin..), adrenergic agonist, anti-hypertensive drugs, weight-loss medication, lipid lowering medication
- •Known substance abuse
- •Already taking more than 250 mg of omega-3 supplements (EPA/DHA) per day
- •Allergy to seafood or fish
- •Allergy to Xylocaine
- •Unable to eat the components of the high fat meal (croissant, cheese, bacon, brownies)
- •None compliance to the study requirements (i.e. not being fasting) or cancellation of the same scheduled testing visit more than once.
- •Lack of time to participate in the full length of the study (33 weeks)
- •Have exceeded the annual total allowed radiation dose (like X-ray scans and/or tomography in the previous year or in the year to come) according to the physician's judgement.
- •All other medical or psychological conditions deemed inappropriate according to the physician
研究组 & 干预措施
Omega-3 fatty acids
3.6 g EPA:DHA / day (2:1)
干预措施: Omega-3 fatty acids (Dietary Supplement)
结局指标
主要结局
Fasting white adipose tissue NLRP3 inflammasome activation
时间窗: At 24 weeks
White adipose tissue medium accumulation of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) ex vivo over 4 hours (pg/mg tissue by AlphaLISA)
Fasting white adipose tissue NLRP3 inflammasome activation
时间窗: Baseline
White adipose tissue medium accumulation of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) ex vivo over 4 hours (pg/mg tissue by AlphaLISA)
次要结局
- White adipose tissue receptors for apoB-lipoproteins(At 24 weeks)
- Energy intake(At 24 weeks)
- Fasting plasma PCSK9 concentration(At 24 weeks)
- Systemic inflammation(At 24 weeks)
- White adipose tissue inflammation profile(At 24 weeks)
- Disposition index(At 24 weeks)
- Fatty acid profile in red blood cell phospholipid fraction(At 24 weeks)
- Physical activity(At 24 weeks)
- White adipose tissue function ex vivo(At 24 weeks)
- Postprandial fat metabolism(At 24 week)
- Body composition(At 24 weeks)
- Fasting plasma PCSK9 concentration(Baseline)
- White adipose tissue receptors for apoB-lipoproteins(Baseline)
- White adipose tissue inflammation profile(Baseline)
- White adipose tissue function ex vivo(Baseline)
- Postprandial fat metabolism(Baseline)
- Systemic inflammation(Baseline)
- Disposition index(Baseline)
- Fatty acid profile in red blood cell phospholipid fraction(Baseline)
- Body composition(Baseline)
- Energy intake(Baseline)
- Physical activity(Baseline)
研究者
May Faraj, PDt, PhD
Professor
Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal