Hystrolaparosciopic Findings in Infertile Women with Secondary Infertility

nfertility(1), which refers to the inability of a couple to conceive after one year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse, is the commonest indication for gynacological consultation. primary infertility - where someone who's never conceived a child in the past. secondary infertility(2) - where someone has had 1 or more pregnancies in the past, but is having difficulty conceiving again.there are many causes for infertility. (3)uterine causes as uterine fibroids or malformations.tubal factors as tuboperitoneal adhesions,unilateral or bilateral proximal occlusion unilateral or bilateral hydrosalpinx or pyosalpinx.Ovarian factors ovarian cyst,polycystic ovaries.pelvic causes as adhesions ,endometriosis and miscellaneous. laparoscopy can be used as the gold standard diagnostic tool which allows direct visualization of all pelvic organs. It also helps in detailed assessment of fallopian tubes. The advantage behind using laparoscopy is that the treatment of certain conditions such as tubal obstruction, endometriosis, and pelvic adhesions can be done at the same time during diagnosis. If needed, laparoscopic chromopertubation can also be done for tubal patency during the same sitting. (4)Hysteroscopy is the direct visualization of the uterine cavity using an endoscope. Uterine cavity evaluation is very much needed to do achieve total infertility workup. Uterine abnormalities are present among 10-15% of couples who seek treatment of infertility. For evaluation of endometrial factors,(5) hysteroscopy considered to be a gold standard. Diagnostic h hysteroscopy can detect uterine anomalies which remain undetected in USG and other routine investigations.

Many studies reported the occurrence of pelvic adhesions following cesarean section with its related consequences.

pelvic adhesions may affect both reproductive system anatomy and function, causing various associated conditions. Pelvic adhesions may cause secondary infertility, which might be due to dyspareunia, disturbing tubo-ovarian relationship, or disturbing peristaltic movement of fallopian tube.