A Randomized, Subject-Masked, Active-Controlled, Parallel-Arm Clinical Trial Comparing Serratus Plane and Paravertebral Nerve Blocks

Brief Summary

Detailed Description

This investigation will be a randomized, subject-masked, active-controlled parallel-arm, human subjects clinical trial. Of note, the investigators will be using standard-of-care local anesthetic under an FDA-approved purpose and do not plan to research a possible change of indication or use of these medications as part of this research project. The treatments in both groups are currently used at our institution and there is true clinical equipoise at this time. The only difference in treatment between subjects who enroll versus those not enrolled in this study will be those who enroll will have the decision between which anatomic block location determined randomly, as opposed to the physician simply choosing him/herself. Enrollment. Consenting adults undergoing breast surgery with a planned single-injection regional analgesic will be offered enrollment. Patients undergoing breast surgery with a planned perineural catheter regional analgesic will be excluded. Study inclusion will be proposed to eligible patients prior to surgery. If a patient desires study participation, written, informed consent will be obtained using a current UCSD IRB-approved ICF. Selection for inclusion will not be based on gender, race, or socioeconomic status. The study population of interest includes men and women of all races and socioeconomic status. Preoperative Procedures. Following written, informed consent, the investigators will collect baseline anthropomorphic information (e.g., age, sex, height, and weight). All subjects will have a peripheral intravenous (IV) catheter inserted, standard noninvasive monitors applied, supplemental oxygen administered via a nasal cannula or face mask, and placed in the sitting position. Midazolam and fentanyl (IV) will be titrated for patient comfort, while ensuring that patients remain responsive to verbal cues. Both possible block locations will be viewed with ultrasound. If one or both of the locations is unacceptable for block placement in the clinician's opinion, the subject will not be randomized and will not proceed further with the study. Subjects will then be randomized using a computer-generated list and opaque, sealed envelopes to one of two treatment groups: (blocks of 4, stratified for unilateral vs. bilateral surgery): (1) serratus plane or (2) paravertebral block. All blocks will be placed by a regional anesthesia fellow or resident under the direct supervision and guidance of a regional anesthesia attending (or by the attending themselves). The area of needle insertion will be cleaned with chlorhexidine gluconate and isopropyl alcohol. All blocks will be placed using standard UCSD ultrasound-guided techniques as previously described. Ropivacaine 0.5% (20 mL for unilateral surgery; 16 mL each side for bilateral surgery) will be administered via the needle into the target plane(s). For PVBs without axillary involvement, this will be at the T3 and T5 levels. For PVBs with axillary involvement, this will be at the T2 and T4 levels. For unilateral PVBs, 10 mL of local anesthetic will be injected per level. For bilateral PVBs, 8 mL of local anesthetic will be injected per level. Single-injection blocks will be considered successful if, within 30 minutes, the subject experiences decreased sensation to cold temperature with an alcohol pad over the approximate level of the ipsilateral 4th thoracic dermatome. Misplaced blocks will be replaced successfully, or the patient excluded from further study participation. For subjects undergoing bilateral surgical procedures, a block using the same protocol will be administered on the contralateral side. Intraoperatively, all subjects will receive a general anesthetic using inhaled and intravenous anesthetic and oxygen. Intravenous fentanyl will be administered for cardiovascular responsiveness to noxious stimuli at the discretion of the anesthesia provider. Postop: Subjects will be discharged with a prescription for oxycodone 5 mg tablets for supplementary analgesia and instructed to record the time at which they take their first opioid tablet as well as the time at which they believe the block starts to wear off. Outcome measurements (end points). Pain scores will be recorded using the NRS. Within the recovery room, pain scores, opioid requirements, and antiemetic administration will be recorded by nursing staff masked to treatment group. The morning following surgery, all subjects will be contacted by phone or in person \[if hospitalized\] to record lowest, average, highest, and current pain scores; sleep disturbances, and nausea using a 0-10 Likert scale (0 = no nausea; 10 = vomiting). For outpatients, opioid requirements will be recorded while inpatients will have opioid requirements extracted from the electronic medical record. In addition, the investigators will extract antiemetic use from the electronic record. They will collect the times at which subjects felt their block resolve and they consumed their first opioid analgesic pills following recovery room discharge. Hypothesis 1: Following breast surgery, analgesia will be non-inferior in the recovery room with a serratus plane block compared with a paravertebral block as measured with the Numeric Rating Scale. Hypothesis 2: For breast surgery, opioid consumption will be non-inferior in the operating and recovery rooms with a serratus plane block compared with a paravertebral block (primary: cumulative intravenous morphine equivalents). Primary end point: In order to claim that serratus plane blocks are non-inferior to paravertebral blocks, both Hypotheses 1 and 2 must be at least non-inferior. Statistical methods. Descriptive statistics will be provided by arm and in aggregate. Baseline characteristics of arms will be compared using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney and Fisher's Exact tests. Key characteristics that are significantly different (p\<0.05) will be included as covariates in the analysis models. Primary aim. The investigators will test the noninferiority of the serratus nerve block compared to the paravertebral nerve block. The 95% confidence interval (CI) associated with the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test will be derived for the group difference (paravertebral minus serratus) in median pain scores within the recovery room. If the lower limit of the 95% CI is greater than -1.25, the investigators will conclude noninferiority. If there are significant differences between the groups in any key characteristics, these characteristics will be included as covariates in a linear model. The same noninferiority margin (-1.25) will be applied to the 95% CI for the covariate adjusted group difference in mean pain derived from the linear model. The noninferiority of the serratus nerve block with regard to total opioid consumption within the operating and recovery rooms will be tested in the same manner as pain, i.e. comparing the limits of a 95% CI associated with the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test to a predefined noninferiority margin (in this case 2 mg). Covariate adjusted linear models will again be applied in the event that key characteristics are significantly different between the groups. Sample size justification. Power for the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney derived noninferiority testing is based on 10,000 simulated trials. The investigators simulated pain scores from a discrete distribution with median (interquartile range) 3 (2-5). Between the quartiles, the probability of each score was assumed constant. The distribution for each group was assumed to be the same. The sample size of n=50 per group provides 82% power to detect noninferiority in pain with a margin of 1.25. Similarly, opioid consumption was assumed to follow a truncated normal distribution with mean 2.5 mg and standard deviation 2 mg, and minimum value 0 mg. The sample size of n = 50 per group provides at least 95% power to detect noninferiority with margin 2 mg. Therefore, the investigators will enroll 50 subjects for each of two treatments with primary end point values for a total enrollment of 100 subjects with a primary end point. To allow for dropouts, the investigators will request a maximum enrollment of 120 subjects. Noninferiority in pain is tested first, and if significant, noninferiority in opioid consumption is tested. Under this hierarchical testing framework, no adjustment in alpha is necessary to control Type 1 error.

Primary Outcomes

Secondary Outcomes

• Number of Participants Requiring an Anti-emetic Within the Recovery Room(Within the recovery room, averaging approximately 2 hours)
• Opioid Consumption After Recovery Room Discharge(Between the recovery room discharge to the postoperative day 1 data collection phone call)
• WORST Pain Measured Using the Numeric Rating Scale Pain Score(Between the recovery room discharge to the postoperative day 1 data collection phone call)
• Lowest Pain Measured Using the Numeric Rating Scale Pain Score(between the recovery room discharge to the postoperative day 1 data collection phone call)
• Average Pain Measured Using the Numeric Rating Scale Pain Score(between the recovery room discharge to the postoperative day 1 data collection phone call)
• Worst RECOVERY ROOM Pain Measured Using the Numeric Rating Scale Pain Score(within the recovery room following surgery and prior to recovery room discharge)
• Awakenings Due to Pain(the first evening after surgery, averaging approximately 8 hours)
• LEAST RECOVERY ROOM Pain Measured Using the Numeric Rating Scale Pain Score(within the recovery room following surgery and prior to recovery room discharge)
• Opioid Consumption Within the Operating Room(Within the operating room, averaging approximately 2 hours)
• Nausea and Vomiting Following Recovery Room Discharge(between discharge from the recovery room and the data collection phone call on postoperative day 1)
• Time From Recovery Room Discharge Until First Opioid Use(between discharge from the recovery room and the data collection phone call on postoperative day 1)
• Time From Recovery Room Discharge Until Block Resolution(between local anesthetic injection completion during the nerve block and the time when block resolution began)
• WORST Pain Measured DURING NERVE BLOCK Using the Numeric Rating Scale Pain Score(During the placement of the nerve block)
• Average Pain Measured DURING NERVE BLOCK Using the Numeric Rating Scale Pain Score(During the placement of the nerve block)
• Time to Perform Nerve Block(The time from initial nerve block needle insertion until nerve block needle withdrawal)