Feasibility and the Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on College Students' Resilience, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms (PTSD) and Posttruamatic Growth (PTG)
Overview
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Intervention
- Not specified
- Conditions
- Posttraumatic Stress Symptom
- Sponsor
- Army Medical University, China
- Enrollment
- 88
- Locations
- 1
- Primary Endpoint
- The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTG)
- Status
- Completed
- Last Updated
- 2 years ago
Overview
Brief Summary
The goal of this retrospective control study is to learn about the effects of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) intervention in military medical students' resilience, post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSD) and posttruamatic growth (PTG) etc. The main questions are aims to answer:
- Would MBSR intervention improve psychological resilience, mindful attention awareness, satisfaction with life, and post-traumatic growth in military medical students？
- Would MBSR intervention reduce anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms in military medical students？
- Would the effects of MBSR intervention persist for at least one month in military medical students？ Participants in the intervention group will complete 8-week of MBSR training while those in the control group will not. Researchers will compare resilience, mindful attention awareness, satisfaction with life, and post-traumatic growth, etc. between the two groups.
Detailed Description
Recruitment for the study was done via broadcast email and posted notices online. 372 students filled out screening questionnaires and indicated their intention to participate the Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) course. We selected 120 students according to the participant criteria. Of the 120 participants, 60 were randomly assigned to the MBSR or control groups. However, 8 participants were absent more than two courses in the MBSR group, and 24 participants did not complete the post-test. Eventually, we enrolled 52 participants in the intervention group and 36 participants in the control group. We designed a questionnaire survey on the internet to collect data. Two trained psychology teachers organized the survey at three time points: baseline (T0), the immediate postintervention (T1), and 1 month postintervention (T2). Independent samples t-test and c2 analyses were used to test for possible group differences in demographic variables at baseline (T1). Next, 2 (group) × 3 (time) mixed-model repeated-measure analysis of variance ( ANOVA) was conducted to determine the effect of MBSR. Effect sizes were reported as partial η² (ηp²) coefficients. To further interpret any time-by-group interactions, a series of t tests examined possible differences among baseline, post intervention and 1 month later after intervention.
Investigators
Xiaofan Yan
lecturer
Army Medical University, China
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria
- •No regular meditation and yoga practice within the past 6 months;
- •No current psychiatric symptoms and physical contraindications to exercise;
- •the resilience scale scores were in the last 27% of the total 372 students.
Exclusion Criteria
- •Unwillingness to participant the mindfulness class;
- •Absence from 2 or more classes;
- •Do not complete the pre-, post-test and follow-up psychological assessment.
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTG)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTG) was developed to determine the positive changes that occur as a result of the traumatic events experienced by individuals. Participants were asked to rate the degree to which they experienced the change described by each item. The scale consists of 21 items in total and uses a 6-point Likert-type response scale ranging from 0 (almost never) to 5 (almost always). The total score ranged from 0 to 105, and the higher the score, the higher the level of PTG. Cronbach's Alpha for the total PTGI score was α = 0.95, 0.96, and 0.97 at T0, T1, and T2, respectively.
Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) is a self-reported questionnaire to assess dispositional mindfulness characterized by"open or receptive awareness of and attention" to the present moment. We used the Chinese version of the MAAS revised by Deng et al.. The MAAS included 15 items rated on a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (almost always) to 6 (almost never). The total score ranged from 15 - 90, with higher scores indicating higher levels of mindfulness. The Cronbach's α of the MAAS in this study was 0.91, 0.91, and 0.95 at T0, T1, and T2, respectively.
The 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
Item of CD-RISC-10 responses range from 0 ("not true at all") to 4 ("true nearly all of the time"). The overall score ranges from 0 to 40, with higher scores reflecting a greater ability to cope with adversity. The CD-RISC-10 showed excellent internal consistency in the current study, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.79, 0.87, and 0.92 at T0, T1, and T2, respectively.
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess depression severity. The scale contains 9 items. Response options for each item of the PHQ-9 score can range from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day). PHQ-9 total scores range from 0 to 27. A PHQ-9 score \> 10 has been shown to have a sensitivity and specificity of 88% for major depression. Cronbach's Alpha for PHQ-9 in this study was 0.85, 0.87 and 0.89 at T0, T1, and T2, respectively.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
PTSD symptoms were assessed by the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) \[33\]. We adopted a revised Chinese version \[34\]in this study. 20 items assess the frequency and severity of PTSD symptoms regarding the index trauma, including symptom clusters of intrusion (Criterion B; 5 items), avoidance (Criterion C; 2 items), negative alterations of cognitions and mood (Criterion D; 7 items), and alterations in arousal and reactivity (Criterion E; 6 items). Participants indicated how much they have been bothered by each symptom using a 5-point scale from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). Total scores range from 0 to 80, with a higher score indicating a greater level of posttraumatic stress. The total score ≥ 33 is considered positive. Cronbach's Alpha for the total PCL-5 in this study was 0.94, 0.93, and 0.96 at T0, T1, and T2, respectively.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
Participants' anxiety was measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7). It contains 7 items which drawn from the diagnostic criteria for GAD that had the strongest predictive validity with GAD as diagnosed by clinician interviews in a sample of 2740 patients across 15 clinics in the USA. Each item of GAD ranges from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day) and the total scores range from 0 to 21. A GAD-7 \> 14 has been shown to have severe anxiety. Cronbach's Alpha for GAD-7 in this study was 0.89, 0.90, and 0.95 at T0, T1, and T2, respectively.
Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
In this study, life satisfaction was evaluated with the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). It consists of 5 items and each of them was rated on a 7-point Likert-type scale (1 = strongly disagree; 7 = strongly agree), and higher scores indicate higher life satisfaction. The Cronbach's α of the SWLS in this study was 0.84, 0.88, and 0.89 at T0, T1, and T2, respectively.