The Target Trial Emulation of Muco-active Agent Use and Clinical Outcomes After Lung Cancer Diagnosis Among Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (TAME-CLC)

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer frequently experience mucus hypersecretion, impaired mucociliary clearance, respiratory symptoms, COPD exacerbations, and poor clinical outcomes. COPD is also closely linked to lung cancer through shared risk factors and potentially overlapping biological mechanisms, including chronic airway inflammation, oxidative stress, airway epithelial injury, and mucus plugging. Muco-active agents are commonly prescribed in clinical practice to improve mucus clearance and reduce airway mucus burden. However, whether muco-active agent use is associated with clinical outcomes after lung cancer diagnosis among patients with COPD remains uncertain.

This study will use retrospective real-world data from the Korean Cancer Data Center (K-CURE) database. The study period will extend from January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2023, subject to data availability. The source population will include adults aged 40 to less than 80 years with COPD and newly diagnosed localized-stage lung cancer. COPD will be identified using prespecified diagnosis codes and treatment-based criteria before lung cancer diagnosis. Lung cancer diagnosis, stage, histology, treatment, medication prescriptions, comorbidities, COPD exacerbations, and mortality outcomes will be identified from the K-CURE database and linked clinical data where available.

The study will apply a target trial emulation framework to compare the following treatment strategies: initiation or use of any muco-active agent after lung cancer diagnosis versus no muco-active agent use. The index date will be the date of first lung cancer diagnosis among eligible patients. To support a new-user design and reduce bias from prevalent use, patients with muco-active agent use during the 12-week washout period before lung cancer diagnosis will be excluded according to the prespecified protocol.

Treatment assignment will be defined using prescription records during a 4-week grace period after the index date. For sensitivity analyses, we will additionally evaluate 2-, 6-, and 8-week grace periods after the index date. Patients assigned to the muco-active agent strategy will be those who receive at least one prescription for any prespecified muco-active agent during the grace period. Patients assigned to the comparator strategy will be those who do not receive a prespecified muco-active agent during the same grace period. Muco-active agents will include mucolytics such as N-acetylcysteine and erdosteine, mucoregulators such as carbocysteine, expectorants such as guaifenesin and ivy-leaf extract, and mucokinetics such as ambroxol and bromhexine.

Because treatment is not randomized in the observed data, randomization will be emulated using a clone-censoring-weighting approach. Each eligible patient may be cloned into treatment strategy groups. Clones will be artificially censored when their observed treatment pattern becomes inconsistent with the assigned strategy. Inverse probability of censoring weights will be used to adjust for selection bias introduced by artificial censoring. The primary causal contrast will be the modified intention-to-treat effect of muco-active agent use compared with no muco-active agent use.