MedPath

Platelet-Oriented Inhibition in New TIA and Minor Ischemic Stroke (POINT) Trial

Phase 3
Terminated
Conditions
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Interventions
Drug: placebo
Registration Number
NCT00991029
Lead Sponsor
University of California, San Francisco
Brief Summary

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal ischemia, without acute infarction. An ischemic stroke is a cerebral infarction. In POINT, eligibility is limited to brain TIAs and to minor ischemic strokes (with an NIH Stroke Scale \[NIHSS\] score less than or equal to 3).

TIAs are common \[25\], and are often harbingers of disabling strokes. Approximately 250,000-350,000 TIAs are diagnosed each year in the US. Given median survival of more than 8 years \[32\], there are approximately 2.4 million TIA survivors. In a national survey, one in fifteen of those over 65 years old reported a history of TIA \[33\], which is equivalent to a prevalence of 2.3 million in older Americans. Based on the prevalence of undiagnosed transient neurological events, the true incidence of TIA may be twice as high as the rates of diagnosis \[33\]. Based on our review of the National Inpatient Sample for 1997-2003, there were an average of 200,000 hospital admissions for TIA each year, with annual charges climbing quickly in the period to $2.6 billion in 2003.

Composite endpoint of new ischemic vascular events: ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction or ischemic vascular death at 90 days.

Detailed Description

Platelet-Oriented Inhibition in New TIA and minor ischemic stroke (POINT) Trial, is a prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial with the primary null hypothesis that, in patients with TIA or minor ischemic stroke treated with aspirin 50-325 mg/day, there is no difference in the event-free survival at 90 days in those treated with clopidogrel (600 mg loading dose then 75 mg/day) compared to placebo when subjects are randomized within 12 hours of time last known free of new ischemic symptoms.

Its primary objective is to determine whether clopidogrel 75 mg/day by mouth after a loading dose of 600 mg of clopidogrel is effective in preventing major ischemic vascular events (ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and ischemic vascular death) at 90 days when initiated within 12 hours of TIA or minor ischemic stroke onset in patients receiving aspirin 50-325 mg/day (with a dose of 150-200 mg daily for 5 days followed by 75-100 mg daily strongly recommended).

Patients over 18 years of age with high-risk TIA (defined as an ABCD2 score greater than or equal to 4) or minor ischemic stroke (with NIHSS less than or equal to 3) who can be treated within 12 hours of time last known free of new ischemic symptoms will be enrolled.

Subjects will be randomized 1:1 (clopidogrel: placebo), controlling for clinical center. A study participant's eligibility will be determined by site personnel prior to accessing the Randomization Module in the WebDCU™, a web-enabled clinical trials management system that was developed by the NETT Statistics and Data Management Center (SDMC) at Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC).Qualified users will access the Randomization Interface and complete a protocol-specific eligibility checklist. If the Randomization Interface finds the patient to be eligible based on the information provided, a randomization number and a confirmatory e-mail are generated.

Each subject is followed for 90 days from randomization; the trial will be completed in 7 years.

A total of 5,840 patients will be recruited. Recruitment will occur over 90 months, with a goal rate of 0.40 subjects/site/month for US sites, and a goal rate of 0.47 subjects/site/month for OUS sites. Current participating sites can be found at: http://www.pointtrial.org/node/18.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status
TERMINATED
Sex
All
Target Recruitment
4881
Inclusion Criteria
  • Neurological deficit (based on history or exam) attributed to focal brain ischemia and EITHER:

    • High risk TIA: Complete resolution of the deficit at the time of randomization AND ABCD2 score of (greater than or equal to) 4 OR
    • Minor ischemic stroke: residual deficit with NIHSS of (less than or equal to) 3 at the time of randomization
  • Ability to randomize within 12 hours of time last known free of new ischemic symptoms.

  • Head CT or MRI ruling out hemorrhage or other pathology, such as vascular malformation, tumor, or abscess, that could explain symptoms or contraindicate therapy.

  • Ability to tolerate aspirin at a does of 50-325 mg/day.

Exclusion Criteria

  • Age <18 years

  • TIA symptoms limited to isolated numbness, isolated visual changes, or isolated dizziness/vertigo.

  • In the judgment of the treating physician, a candidate for thrombolysis, endarterectomy or endovascular intervention, unless the subject declines both endarterectomy and endovascular intervention at the time of evaluation for eligibility.

  • Receipt of any intravenous or intra-arterial thrombolysis within 1 week prior to index event.

  • Gastrointestinal bleed or major surgery within 3 months prior to index event.

  • History of nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage.

  • Clear indication for anticoagulation (e.g., warfarin, heparin) anticipated during the study period (atrial fibrillation, mechanical heart valve, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, hypercoagulable state).

  • Qualifying ischemic event induced by angiography or surgery.

  • Severe non-cardiovascular comorbidity with life expectancy <3 months.

  • Contraindication to clopidogrel or aspirin.

    • Known allergy
    • Severe renal (serum creatinine >2 mg/dL or 176.8umol/L) or hepatic insufficiency (prior or concurrent diagnosis, with International Normalized Ratio (INR)>1.5 or any resultant complication, such as variceal bleeding, encephalopathy, or icterus)
    • Hemostatic disorder or systemic bleeding in the past 3 months
    • Current thrombocytopenia (platelet count <100 x10^9/l) or neutropenia (<1 x10^9/l)
    • History of drug-induced hematologic or hepatic abnormalities
  • Anticipated requirement for long-term (>7 day) non-study antiplatelet drugs (eg, dipyridamole, clopidogrel, ticlopidine), or Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) affecting platelet function (such as prior vascular stent or arthritis).

  • Inability to swallow medications.

  • At risk for pregnancy: premenopausal or post menopausal woman within 12 months of last menses without a negative pregnancy test or not committing to adequate birth control (e.g., oral contraceptive, two methods of barrier birth control, or abstinence).

  • Unavailability for follow-up.

  • Signed and dated informed consent not obtained from patient.

  • Other neurological conditions that would complicate assessment of outcomes during follow-up.

  • Ongoing treatment in another study of an investigational therapy that may potentially interact with study drug, or treatment in such a study within the last 7 days.

  • Previously enrolled in the POINT study.

Exclusion Criteria

Not provided

Study & Design

Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Design
PARALLEL
Arm && Interventions
GroupInterventionDescription
placeboplaceboPatients assigned to placebo in addition to aspirin
clopidogrelClopidogrelPatients assigned to clopidogrel in addition to aspirin
Primary Outcome Measures
NameTimeMethod
Composite of Ischemic Stroke, Myocardial Infarction, or Death From Ischemic Vascular CausesUp to 90 days

Primary efficacy outcome: Number of Participants with Ischemic Stroke, Myocardial Infarction, or Death From Ischemic Vascular Causes

Major HemorrhageUp to 90 days

Primary safety outcome: Number of Participants with major hemorrhage

Secondary Outcome Measures
NameTimeMethod
Ischemic StrokeUp to 90 days

Secondary efficacy outcome:Number of participants with Ischemic stroke

Myocardial InfarctionUp to 90 days

Secondary efficacy outcome: Number of participants with Myocardial infarction

Death From Ischemic Vascular CausesUp to 90 days

Secondary efficacy outcome: Number of participants with Death from ischemic vascular causes

Ischemic or Hemorrhagic StrokeUp to 90 days

Secondary efficacy outcome: Number of participants with Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke

Composite of Ischemic Stroke, Myocardial Infarction, Death From Ischemic Vascular Causes, or Major HemorrhageUp to 90 days

Secondary efficacy outcome: Number of participants with ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, death from ischemic vascular causes, or major hemorrhage

Trial Locations

Locations (209)

Chandler Regional Medical Center

🇺🇸

Chandler, Arizona, United States

Banner University Medical Center - Tucson Campus

🇺🇸

Tucson, Arizona, United States

George Washington University Hospital

🇺🇸

Washington, District of Columbia, United States

Benefis Hospitals Inc

🇺🇸

Great Falls, Montana, United States

Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital

🇺🇸

New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States

Great Falls Clinic Hospital, Great Falls

🇺🇸

Great Falls, Montana, United States

JFK Medical Center

🇺🇸

Edison, New Jersey, United States

Abington Memorial Hospital

🇺🇸

Abington, Pennsylvania, United States

Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center

🇺🇸

Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States

Cooper University Hospital

🇺🇸

Camden, New Jersey, United States

Grey Nuns Hospital

🇨🇦

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Box Hill Hospital

🇦🇺

Box Hill, Victoria, Australia

Monash Medical Centre

🇦🇺

Clayton, Victoria, Australia

Montreal General Hospital

🇨🇦

Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Turku University Hospital

🇫🇮

Turku, Finland

University Hospital of Ulm

🇩🇪

Ulm, Baden-WĂĽrttemberg, Germany

Rush University Medical Center

🇺🇸

Chicago, Illinois, United States

Cleveland Clinic

🇺🇸

Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Ben Taub General Hospital

🇺🇸

Houston, Texas, United States

Harborview Medical Center

🇺🇸

Seattle, Washington, United States

Mercy Health West Hospital

🇺🇸

Cincinnati, Ohio, United States

Good Samaritan Hospital

🇺🇸

Cincinnati, Ohio, United States

Jewish Hospital

🇺🇸

Cincinnati, Ohio, United States

University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio

🇺🇸

San Antonio, Texas, United States

Long Beach Memorial Medical Center

🇺🇸

Long Beach, California, United States

Loma Linda University Medical Center

🇺🇸

Loma Linda, California, United States

UCSD Health La Jolla

🇺🇸

La Jolla, California, United States

Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center

🇺🇸

Los Angeles, California, United States

Mercy San Juan Medical Center

🇺🇸

Carmichael, California, United States

Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center

🇺🇸

Los Angeles, California, United States

Scripps Mercy Hospital San Diego

🇺🇸

San Diego, California, United States

Stanford University Medical Center

🇺🇸

Stanford, California, United States

Los Robles Hospital and Medical Center

🇺🇸

Thousand Oaks, California, United States

St. Anthony Hospital

🇺🇸

Lakewood, Colorado, United States

Grady Memorial Hospital

🇺🇸

Atlanta, Georgia, United States

University of Florida

🇺🇸

Jacksonville, Florida, United States

Sarasota Memorial Hospital

🇺🇸

Sarasota, Florida, United States

Emory University Hospital Midtown

🇺🇸

Atlanta, Georgia, United States

Augusta University Medical Center

🇺🇸

Augusta, Georgia, United States

Alexian Brothers Medical Center

🇺🇸

Elk Grove Village, Illinois, United States

Northwestern Memorial Hospital

🇺🇸

Chicago, Illinois, United States

University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics

🇺🇸

Iowa City, Iowa, United States

University of Illinois Hospital

🇺🇸

Chicago, Illinois, United States

Loyola University Medical Center

🇺🇸

Maywood, Illinois, United States

Presence Saint Joseph Medical Center

🇺🇸

Joliet, Illinois, United States

St. Elizabeth Medical Center South

🇺🇸

Edgewood, Kentucky, United States

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

🇺🇸

Boston, Massachusetts, United States

Fairview Southdale Hospital

🇺🇸

Edina, Minnesota, United States

Henry Ford West Bloomfield Hospital

🇺🇸

West Bloomfield, Michigan, United States

Mercy Health Saint Mary's

🇺🇸

Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States

William Beaumont Hospital - Troy

🇺🇸

Troy, Michigan, United States

William Beaumont Hospital

🇺🇸

Royal Oak, Michigan, United States

Hennepin County Medical Center

🇺🇸

Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States

University of Minnesota Medical Center Hospital

🇺🇸

Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States

Kings County Hospital Center

🇺🇸

Brooklyn, New York, United States

Hackensack University Medical Center

🇺🇸

Hackensack, New Jersey, United States

Jersey Shore University Medical Center

🇺🇸

Neptune, New Jersey, United States

SUNY Downstate Medical Center

🇺🇸

Brooklyn, New York, United States

Guilford Neurologic Associates

🇺🇸

Greensboro, North Carolina, United States

New York Presbyterian / Columbia University Medical Center

🇺🇸

New York, New York, United States

Summa Akron City Hospital

🇺🇸

Akron, Ohio, United States

Bethesda North Hospital

🇺🇸

Cincinnati, Ohio, United States

Mount Carmel East Hospital

🇺🇸

Columbus, Ohio, United States

University of Toledo Medical Center

🇺🇸

Toledo, Ohio, United States

Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania

🇺🇸

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

Thomas Jefferson University Hospital

🇺🇸

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

Penn Presbyterian Medical Center

🇺🇸

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

Pennsylvania Hospital

🇺🇸

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

WellSpan York Hospital

🇺🇸

York, Pennsylvania, United States

Houston Methodist Hospital

🇺🇸

Houston, Texas, United States

John Hunter Hospital

🇦🇺

New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia

The Northern Hospital

🇦🇺

Epping, Victoria, Australia

Vancouver General Hospital

🇨🇦

Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

University of Alberta Hospital

🇨🇦

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Vivantes Hospital Neukolln

🇩🇪

Berlin, Germany

University Medical Center Hamburg

🇩🇪

Hamburg, Germany

Neurosciences Clinical Trials

🇲🇽

Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico

Royal United Hospital - Bath

🇬🇧

Somerset, United Kingdom

Royal Stoke University Hospital

🇬🇧

Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom

Southampton General Hospital

🇬🇧

Southampton, United Kingdom

Strong Memorial Hospital

🇺🇸

Rochester, New York, United States

UCSF Medical Center

🇺🇸

San Francisco, California, United States

Detroit Receiving Hospital

🇺🇸

Detroit, Michigan, United States

Harper University Hospital

🇺🇸

Detroit, Michigan, United States

Henry Ford Hospital

🇺🇸

Detroit, Michigan, United States

Sinai-Grace Hospital

🇺🇸

Detroit, Michigan, United States

St. John Hospital and Medical Center

🇺🇸

Detroit, Michigan, United States

Providence St. Vincent Medical Center

🇺🇸

Portland, Oregon, United States

Oregon Health and Science University Hospital

🇺🇸

Portland, Oregon, United States

Portland VA Medical Center

🇺🇸

Portland, Oregon, United States

Vanderbilt University Hospital

🇺🇸

Nashville, Tennessee, United States

Mayo Clinic Saint Mary's Campus

🇺🇸

Rochester, Minnesota, United States

University of Colorado Hospital

🇺🇸

Aurora, Colorado, United States

Columbia St. Mary's Hospital

🇺🇸

Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States

Froedtert Memorial Lutheran Hospital

🇺🇸

Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States

Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center

🇺🇸

Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States

Maimonides Medical Center

🇺🇸

Brooklyn, New York, United States

SUNY Upstate Medical University

🇺🇸

Syracuse, New York, United States

Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

🇺🇸

Los Angeles, California, United States

UCSD Medical Center - Hillcrest Hospital

🇺🇸

San Diego, California, United States

San Francisco General Hospital

🇺🇸

San Francisco, California, United States

Swedish Medical Center

🇺🇸

Englewood, Colorado, United States

Christiana Hospital

🇺🇸

Newark, Delaware, United States

St. Elizabeth Hospital Fort Thomas

🇺🇸

Fort Thomas, Kentucky, United States

Emory University Hospital

🇺🇸

Atlanta, Georgia, United States

St. Elizabeth Hospital

🇺🇸

Florence, Kentucky, United States

University of Kansas Hospital

🇺🇸

Kansas City, Kansas, United States

Frederick Memorial Hospital

🇺🇸

Frederick, Maryland, United States

Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center

🇺🇸

Bronx, New York, United States

University of Maryland Medical Center

🇺🇸

Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Southern Illinois University Memorial Medical Center

🇺🇸

Springfield, Illinois, United States

United Hospital

🇺🇸

Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States

Abbott Northwestern Hospital

🇺🇸

Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States

Barnes Jewish Hospital

🇺🇸

Saint Louis, Missouri, United States

Mercy Hospital

🇺🇸

Springfield, Missouri, United States

Buffalo General Medical Center

🇺🇸

Buffalo, New York, United States

NYP Weill Cornell Medical Center

🇺🇸

New York, New York, United States

Stony Brook University Hospital

🇺🇸

Stony Brook, New York, United States

London Health Sciences Center

🇨🇦

London, Ontario, Canada

Foch Hospital

🇫🇷

Suresnes, France

University of Cincinnati Medical Center

🇺🇸

Cincinnati, Ohio, United States

OSU Wexner Medical Center

🇺🇸

Columbus, Ohio, United States

Providence Portland Medical Center

🇺🇸

Portland, Oregon, United States

Palmetto Health Richland

🇺🇸

Columbia, South Carolina, United States

Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital - Dallas

🇺🇸

Dallas, Texas, United States

University of Calgary - Foothills Campus

🇨🇦

Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Adolphe de Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation

🇫🇷

Paris, France

Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital

🇫🇷

Paris, France

Royal Melbourne Hospital

🇦🇺

Parkville, Victoria, Australia

University Hospital Essen

🇩🇪

Essen, Germany

Austin Hospital

🇦🇺

Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

Gosford Hospital

🇦🇺

Gosford, New South Wales, Australia

Footscray Hospital

🇦🇺

Footscray, Victoria, Australia

WVU Healthcare Ruby Memorial Hospital

🇺🇸

Morgantown, West Virginia, United States

Charles LeMoyne Hospital

🇨🇦

Greenfield Park, Quebec, Canada

Pierre Wetheimer Hospital

🇫🇷

Bron, France

Neurological Clinic Bad Neustadt

🇩🇪

Bad Neustadt an der Saale, Germany

Notre-Dame Hospital

🇨🇦

Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Helsinki University Central Hospital

🇫🇮

Helsinki, Finland

Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital

🇫🇷

Paris, France

Fleyriat Hospital

🇫🇷

Bourg-en-Bresse, France

The Royal London Hospital

🇬🇧

London, United Kingdom

Queen Elizabeth University Hospital

🇬🇧

Glasgow, United Kingdom

Hannover Medical School

🇩🇪

Hannover, Germany

Enfant-Jesus Hospital

🇨🇦

Quebec, Canada

University Hospital Frankfurt

🇩🇪

Frankfurt, Germany

University Medical Center Leipzig

🇩🇪

Leipzig, Germany

University Hospital Munster

🇩🇪

Munster, Germany

University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel Campus

🇩🇪

Kiel, Germany

University Hospital Heidelberg

🇩🇪

Heidelberg, Germany

Mexican Association for Clinical Research

🇲🇽

Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico

ABC Medical Center Santa Fe

🇲🇽

Mexico City, Mexico

Central Hospital Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto

🇲🇽

San Luis PotosĂ­, San Luis Potosi, Mexico

Addenbrooke's Hospital

🇬🇧

Cambridge, United Kingdom

John Radcliffe Hospital

🇬🇧

Oxford, United Kingdom

Hospital del Mar

🇪🇸

Barcelona, Spain

Vall d'Hebron Hospital

🇪🇸

Barcelona, Spain

Hospital Donostia

🇪🇸

Donostia, Spain

Culiacan General Hospital

🇲🇽

Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico

Santa Creu and Sant Pau Hospital

🇪🇸

Barcelona, Spain

Auckland City Hospital

🇳🇿

Auckland, New Zealand

Basurto Hospital

🇪🇸

Bilbao, Spain

La Fe University Hospital

🇪🇸

Valencia, Spain

Northwick Park Hospital

🇬🇧

Harrow, United Kingdom

Miguel Servet Hospital

🇪🇸

Zaragoza, Spain

University College Hospital

🇬🇧

London, United Kingdom

Luton and Dunstable University Hospital

🇬🇧

Luton, United Kingdom

Desert Regional Medical Center

🇺🇸

Palm Springs, California, United States

Huntington Memorial Hospital

🇺🇸

Pasadena, California, United States

Evanston Hospital

🇺🇸

Evanston, Illinois, United States

NorthShore Glenbrook Hospital

🇺🇸

Glenview, Illinois, United States

University of Kentucky Hospital

🇺🇸

Lexington, Kentucky, United States

Massachusetts General Hospital

🇺🇸

Boston, Massachusetts, United States

Brigham and Women's Hospital

🇺🇸

Boston, Massachusetts, United States

University of Louisville Hospital

🇺🇸

Louisville, Kentucky, United States

Boston Medical Center

🇺🇸

Boston, Massachusetts, United States

Christ Hospital

🇺🇸

Cincinnati, Ohio, United States

MetroHealth Medical Center

🇺🇸

Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Miami Valley Hospital

🇺🇸

Dayton, Ohio, United States

Hahnemann University Hospital

🇺🇸

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

Temple University Hospital

🇺🇸

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

Pennsylvania State Hershey Medical Center

🇺🇸

Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States

UPMC Presbyterian Hospital

🇺🇸

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States

UPMC Shadyside Hospital

🇺🇸

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States

Valley Baptist Medical Center - Harlingen

🇺🇸

Harlingen, Texas, United States

Memorial Hermann Texas Medical Center

🇺🇸

Houston, Texas, United States

UVA Medical Center

🇺🇸

Charlottesville, Virginia, United States

UMASS Memorial Medical Center

🇺🇸

Worcester, Massachusetts, United States

Lehigh Valley Hospital

🇺🇸

Allentown, Pennsylvania, United States

University of Washington Medical Center

🇺🇸

Seattle, Washington, United States

Royal Adelaide Hospital

🇦🇺

Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

Central Bremen Hospital

🇩🇪

Bremen, Germany

Girona University HOspital

🇪🇸

Girona, Spain

Burgos University Hospital

🇪🇸

Burgos, Spain

UC Davis Medical Center

🇺🇸

Sacramento, California, United States

Mercy General Hospital

🇺🇸

Sacramento, California, United States

Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center

🇺🇸

Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States

Rochester General Hospital

🇺🇸

Rochester, New York, United States

Yale-New Haven Hospital

🇺🇸

New Haven, Connecticut, United States

Medical University of South Carolina University Hospital

🇺🇸

Charleston, South Carolina, United States

University Medical Center Brackenridge

🇺🇸

Austin, Texas, United States

Seton Medical Center

🇺🇸

Austin, Texas, United States

Bon Secours St. Francis Medical Center

🇺🇸

Richmond, Virginia, United States

Bon Secours St. Mary's Hospital

🇺🇸

Richmond, Virginia, United States

Henrico Doctors' Hospital - Forest Campus

🇺🇸

Richmond, Virginia, United States

Henrico Doctors' Hospital - Parham Campus

🇺🇸

Richmond, Virginia, United States

UF Health Shands Hospital

🇺🇸

Gainesville, Florida, United States

the Queen's Medical Center

🇺🇸

Honolulu, Hawaii, United States

Rhode Island Hospital

🇺🇸

Providence, Rhode Island, United States

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