The Effects of Playing High School Football on Later Life Cognitive Functioning and Mental Health: An Observational Study
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 入组人数
- 3,904
- 主要终点
- Summary score of psychological distress/depression at age 65
研究概览
简要总结
The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of playing high school football on later in life cognitive functioning and mental health. This is an observational study that will use data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study to compare high school football playing graduates in 1957 with comparable non-high school football playing graduates on cognitive functioning and mental health measures when participants are in their 60s.
详细描述
The investigators will use data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) of graduates from Wisconsin high schools in 1957 to investigate the link between playing high-school football and later life depression and cognitive impairment. The WLS has a number of attractive features that make it well-suited for such a study. First, it records whether study participants participated in high school football and also includes detailed measurements of later-life mental health, psychological well-being, and cognition. Second, it includes a rich set of baseline covariates which the investigators will use to construct matched sets of treated and control individuals, including family background, adolescent characteristics, educational and occupational achievement and aspirations. Third, the WLS is one of the few longitudinal data sets that includes an administrative measure of childhood cognition. In short, the WLS provides a large data set that facilitates comparing the later life mental health and cognitive ability of men who played high school football to those who did not, after carefully controlling for a range of potential confounders. The investigators will compare the primary outcomes of the treated subjects to the primary outcomes of the control subjects, after controlling for baseline covariates via full matching with a propensity score caliper. The primary outcomes are depression (modified CES-D score) and cognitive functioning (average of z-scores for letter fluency and delayed word recall) when participants are age 65. Secondary outcomes that include cognitive scores on various domains, the Spielberger anger index, the Spielberger anxiety index and a hostility index will also be analyzed.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Observational
- 观察模型
- Cohort
- 时间视角
- Retrospective
入排标准
- 性别
- Male
- 接受健康志愿者
- 否
入选标准
- 未提供
排除标准
- •No yearbook information available to determine football playing status
- •Activity participation in yearbook was not recorded under senior photo or in an index.
- •Did not played football but played another high contact sport (soccer, hockey, lacrosse or wrestling).
结局指标
主要结局
Summary score of psychological distress/depression at age 65
时间窗: Collected in 2003-2005 when participants were around 65
Modified CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) score collected from survey administered when study subjects were approximately 65 years old.
Composite measure of cognition at age 65
时间窗: Collected in 2003-2005 when participants were around 65
Average of the standardized scores from two cognitive functioning tests. In the first test, Letter Fluency, which measures executive functioning, subjects were asked to name as many words beginning with "L" or "F" as they could in 60 seconds. In the second, Delayed Word Recall, which measures memory and attention, subjects were told a list of 10 words and asked to recall as many as possible 12minutes later.
次要结局
- Summary score of psychological distress/depression at ages 54 and 72(Collected in 1992 and 2011 when participants were around 54 and 72 respectively)
- Composite measure of cognition at age 72(Collected in 2011 when participants were around 72)
- Score on Letter Fluency test at ages 65 and 72(Collected in 2003-2005 and 2011 were around 65 and 72 respectively)
- Score on Delayed Word Recall test at ages 65 and 72(Collected in 2003-2005 and 2011 when participants were around 65 and 72 respectively)
- Score on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Similarities test at ages 54, 65, and 72(Collected in 1992, 2003-2005 and 2011 when participants were around 54, 65 and 72 respectively)
- Score on Digit Order test at ages 65 and 72(Collected in 2003-2005 and 2011 when participants were around 65 and 72 respectively)
- Score on McArdle & Woodcock number series test at age 72(Collected in 2011 when participants were around 72)
- Score on Immediate Word Recall test at ages 65 and 72(Collected in 2003-2005 and 2011 when participants were around 65 and 72 respectively)
- Hostility index at ages 65 and 72(Collected in 2003-2005 and 2011 when participants were around 65 and 72 respectively)
- Spielberger anxiety index(Collected in 1992, 2003-2005 and 2011 when participants were around 54, 65 and 72 respectively)
- Spielberger anger index(Collected in 1992, 2003-2005 and 2011 when participants were around 54, 65 and 72 respectively)
- Indicator of heavy drinking status at ages 54, 65, and 72(Collected in 1992, 2003-05, and 2011 when participants were around 54, 65, and 72, respectively)