Influence of Food Texture on Appetite Control, Gastric Emptying, and Energy Expenditure
Trial Snapshot
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Status
- Completed
- Sponsor
- University of Kiel
- Enrollment
- 20
- Locations
- 1
- Primary Endpoint
- ad libitum energy intake
Study Overview
Brief Summary
The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of liquid versus semi-solid meals on the regulation of energy balance in healthy young adults.The main questions it aims to answer are:
- Does a protein-rich liquid meal result in less satiety and therefore higher ad libitum energy intake at the next meal than an isocaloric oatmeal with the same macronutrient ratio?
- Is the consumption of a protein-rich liquid meal as a beverage in addition to an ad libitum oatmeal less compensated within the meal and at the next meal and provides thus a higher ad libitum energy intake than an isovolumetric noncaloric soft drink in addition to an ad libitum oatmeal?
Researchers will compare a protein-rich liquid meal to an isocaloric oatmeal with matched macronutrient composition to answer the first question. Researchers will compare a protein-rich liquid meal + oatmeal to a noncaloric softdrink (water with sucralose and flavoring) + oatmeal to answer the second question.
Participants will:
- spend 4 intervention days in a metabolic chamber (whole room indirect calorimeter)
- consume pre-definied preloads for breakfast and ad libitum lunch meals on 4 intervention days
Study Design
- Study Type
- Interventional
- Allocation
- Randomized
- Intervention Model
- Crossover
- Primary Purpose
- Basic Science
- Masking
- Single (Participant)
Masking Description
Blinding of participants to the actual primary outcome parameters to avoid energy intake bias
Eligibility Criteria
- Ages
- 18 Years to 35 Years (Adult)
- Sex
- All
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- Yes
Inclusion Criteria
- •healthy males and females
- •Body Mass Index between 19-35 kg/m2
- •low to medium habitual physical activity
- •women with regular menstrual cycle (during intervention in follicular phase)
Exclusion Criteria
- •smoking (cigarettes + cannabis)
- •chronic illnesses
- •regular intake of medication
- •Anemia and/or iron deficiency
- •food allergies / intolerances
- •regular high physical activity (exercise >1 hour/d)
- •current weight loss diet / weight loss of >5 kg in the last 3 months
- •restraint eaters (according to the German version of the 'Three-Factor-Eating-Questionnaire', Stunkard und Messick (1985))
- •active participation in another trial
- •pregnant / lactating women
- •persons incapable of giving informed legal consent
Arms & Interventions
isocaloric preload
In this arm of the study, participants receive two different isocaloric preloads for breakfast, one as a liquid meal and one as oatmeal.
Intervention: liquid meal (Other)
isocaloric preload
In this arm of the study, participants receive two different isocaloric preloads for breakfast, one as a liquid meal and one as oatmeal.
Intervention: semi-solid meal (Other)
ad libitum preload
In this arm of the study, participants are given two different isovolumetric drinks as a preload in addition to an ad libitum oatmeal breakfast. One drink is a liquid meal, the other is a non-caloric soft drink (water, sucralose, flavour).
Intervention: caloric drink + semi-solid meal (Other)
ad libitum preload
In this arm of the study, participants are given two different isovolumetric drinks as a preload in addition to an ad libitum oatmeal breakfast. One drink is a liquid meal, the other is a non-caloric soft drink (water, sucralose, flavour).
Intervention: non-caloric drink + semi-solid meal (Other)
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
ad libitum energy intake
Time Frame: for 9 hours after the consumption of the preloads
measured during preload and lunch \[kcal\] following the preload in both arms
Secondary Outcomes
- gastric emptying(for 4 hours after the consumption of the isocaloric preloads)
- eating rate at lunch(at 5 hours after consumption of the preload)
- number of chews per bite at lunch(at 5 hours after consumption of the preload)
- serum ghrelin concentrations(for 3 hours after consumption of the isocaloric preloads)
- serum peptide-YY (PYY) concentrations(for 3 hours after consumption of the isocaloric preloads)
- serum Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) concentrations(for 3 hours after consumption of the isocaloric preloads)
- energy expenditure(measured for 9.5 hours)
- macronutrient oxidation(measured for 9.5 hours)
Investigators
Prof. Dr. Dr. Anja Bosy-Westphal
Principal Investigator, Head of Department of Human Nutrition
University of Kiel