Randomised, Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled Trial of a Proprietary Daily Antioxidant + SPF Formulation on Mitochondrial DNA Damage in Human Facial Skin

Chronic sun exposure generates oxidative stress that damages both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in skin cells, contributing to photoaging. Mitochondrial DNA is particularly susceptible to ultraviolet- and reactive-oxygen-mediated injury. Even high-SPF sunscreens only partially prevent oxidative stress from UVA, visible, and infrared wavelengths. Combining topical antioxidants with UV filters may enhance cellular protection, but direct in-vivo evidence of mitochondrial benefit during daily use remains limited.

This single-center, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study will evaluate the effect of a multi-antioxidant, encapsulated SPF 50 formulation on facial mitochondrial DNA integrity during twelve weeks of normal daily use. The study will be conducted during the UK spring to minimize environmental variability in ultraviolet intensity, temperature, and humidity. Healthy adults aged eighteen to seventy years with intact facial skin will be eligible regardless of baseline sunscreen habits. Individuals with active facial dermatologic disease, recent laser or peel procedures within three months, recent use of retinoids, antioxidants, or anti-inflammatory agents within four weeks, pregnancy, lactation, acute illness, or planned high-UV travel will be excluded. Participants taking medications known to affect mitochondrial function must be on stable doses for at least three months before and throughout the study.

Participants will be randomized in a one-to-one ratio to receive either an encapsulated SPF 50 plus multi-antioxidant complex or a vehicle-only cream containing no SPF and no antioxidants. A small non-randomized comparator group may continue their existing skincare routine to contextualize background variability. Study products will be visually identical, coded, and packaged in identical containers to maintain blinding of participants, investigators, and laboratory staff. Each participant will apply the assigned product once daily to the entire face at a standardized dose of approximately two milligrams per square centimeter for twelve weeks. Adherence will be encouraged through written instructions and monitored by self-report and returned product weight.

At baseline and week twelve, a defined two-by-two-centimeter cheek area will be sampled using a sterile synthetic-tipped swab. Samples will be labeled with coded identifiers and analyzed by a blinded external laboratory using a validated long- and short-amplicon quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. The mitochondrial DNA integrity index, calculated as ΔCt = Ct_long - Ct_short, reflects lesion frequency, where a negative change indicates improved integrity.

The primary outcome is the change in ΔCt from baseline to week twelve between treatment arms. Secondary outcomes include the proportion of participants with ΔCt < 0, the within-participant change among habitual daily sunscreen users compared with their prior routine, and overall safety and tolerability of both products. Efficacy analyses will include all randomized participants with valid paired baseline and week-twelve data. Between-group comparisons will be performed using two-sided parametric and non-parametric tests, and responder proportions will be compared using Fisher's exact test at a significance level of 0.05.