Impact of Exercise on Immune System and Metabolism in Football Players

Completed

• Conditions: Healthy

• Registration Number: NCT06201052
• Lead Sponsor: Poznan University of Physical Education

Brief Summary

Physical exercise, especially of high intensity, is a significant burden to the athlete's body. It should be emphasized that achieving high results in competitive sports requires significant, sometimes extreme, exercise loads during training, which may result in homeostasis disorders, adversely affecting athletes' fitness. Intense and prolonged physical exercise elevates reactive oxygen species, potentially impacting immune function. The mechanism, particularly in high-intensity activities, remains incompletely understood. Excessive oxygen radicals may induce metabolic changes, causing rapid erythrocyte damage and elevated redox-active free iron. This iron increase can be harmful, increasing oxidative stress and immune system activation. The sustained negative impact that may be observed even during post-workout recovery needs further exploration.

"This study aims to explain the impact of an intense exercise test on the immune system, pro-antioxidant balance, and iron metabolism in athletes with varying training levels. The primary questions it seeks to address are:

1. How do athletes' experience and training background influence the immune system's response, pro-antioxidant balance, and iron regulation?

2. Can the level of adaptation to physical exercise (training status) affect the rate of regeneration and the time required to return to pre-exercise homeostasis?"

Detailed Description

The study included 40 football players (19 juniors and 21 seniors). The average training experience for junior players was 8.37 years, and for the senior group, it was 16.4 years. All athletes underwent the Multistage 20-meter shuttle run test (Beep Test). Players were informed about the test procedures and additionally motivated by the trainer to exert maximum effort. Each attempt was preceded by a warm-up, consisting of a 5-minute low-intensity jog. The Beep Test was supervised by the Team trainer using a program as a monitoring tool to examine changes in the level of cardio-respiratory fitness across all age groups. Blood samples were collected at rest, before the exercise test, then 1 minute after the end of the exercise test, after 3 hours of recovery, and finally, after 24 hours. Blood was drawn from the antecubital vein, with 12 ml collected each time.

Study Timeline

• Study Start: 2017-02-01
• Primary Completion: 2018-05-10
• Study Completion: 2018-11-15
• Study First Submitted: 2023-12-30
• Study First Submitted QC: 2023-12-30
• Study First Posted: 2024-01-11
• Status Verified: 2024-07
• Last Update Submitted: 2024-07-08
• Last Update Posted: 2024-07-10

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: COMPLETED
• Sex: Male
• Target Recruitment: 40

Inclusion Criteria

• Competitive football training for at least 3 years
• Male
• Not taking any medications throughout the study
• Provide voluntary consent for participation in the study

Exclusion Criteria

• Any healthy problems

Study & Design

• Study Type: OBSERVATIONAL
• Study Design: Not specified

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Changes in TIBC (total iron-binding capacity)	At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 3 hours, and 24 hours of recovery.	marker of iron management
Changes in IL-6 (interleukin-6)	At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 3 hours, and 24 hours of recovery.	marker of immune system
Changes in TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha)	At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 3 hours, and 24 hours of recovery.	marker of immune response
Changes in cortisol	At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 3 hours, and 24 hours of recovery.	marker of hormonal response
Changes in lactoferrin	At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 3 hours, and 24 hours of recovery.	marker of iron management
Changes in UIBC (unsaturated iron-binding capacity)	At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 3 hours, and 24 hours of recovery.	marker of iron management
Changes in hepcidin	At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 3 hours, and 24 hours of recovery.	marker of iron management
Changes in iron level	At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 3 hours, and 24 hours of recovery.	marker of iron management
Changes in IL-10 (interleukin-10)	At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 3 hours, and 24 hours of recovery.	marker of immune system
Changes in IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1)	At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 3 hours, and 24 hours of recovery.	marker of hormonal response
Changes in serotonin	At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 3 hours, and 24 hours of recovery.	marker of neurohormonal response
Changes in testosterone	At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 3 hours, and 24 hours of recovery.	marker of hormonal response
Changes in tryptophan	At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 3 hours, and 24 hours of recovery.	marker of immune response
Changes in myoglobin	At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 3 hours, and 24 hours of recovery.	marker of muscle damage

Trial Locations

Locations (1)

Poznań University of Physical Education; 🇵🇱 Poznań, Poland