The role of emotional arousal in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Part II: the effects yohimbine on the plasticity of emotionally neutral episodic memories.<br>

Completed

• Conditions: Geen aandoening: geneesmiddel wordt gebruikt om de onderliggende neurobiologische processen te onderzoeken van een therapie voor PTSD, namelijk EMDR; Neurobiology of EMDR; underlying mechanisms of EMDR therapy

• Registration Number: NL-OMON45064
• Lead Sponsor: niversiteit Utrecht

Brief Summary

Not available

Detailed Description

Not available

Study Timeline

• Results First Posted: 1900-01-01
• Study Completion: 2018-11-27
• Last Update Posted: 28 February 2024

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Sex: Not specified
• Target Recruitment: 58

Inclusion Criteria

- Age 18-50
- Written informed consent
- Normal or corrected-to-normal vision
- Body Mass Index (BMI) between 17.5 and 26
- Passing the medical screening (heart rate and blood pressure, medical interview)
- In females: the use of reliable contraceptives (birth control pills or a hormonal intrauterine device)

Exclusion Criteria

Assessed by physical exam:
High blood pressure: systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg, diastolic over 90 mmHg
High heart rate: >90 beats per minute (bpm).;Assessed by interview:
Familiarity with mechanisms behind EMDR
Inability to adequately read or speak Dutch
Known sensitivity to yohimbine
History of psychiatric disorder in the past 2 years (e.g., depression, mania, psychosis, anxiety)
Lifetime history of neurological disease (attention/memory disorders, epilepsy, convulsions)
Current attention/memory problems
Lifetime history of any cardiovascular problem, coronary insufficiency, congestive heart failure, heart block, tachycardia, myocardial infarction, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, renal disorders, liver disorders, diabetes
Early age cardiovascular problems in first degree family members
Fainting easily (can be indicative of cardiovascular problems)
Chronic or frequent migraines
Use of any medication
Use of anti-inflammatory painkillers in the past 3 days
Use of anxiolytics or antacids in the past week
A score of * 26 on the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI: Reiss, Peterson, Gursky, & McNally, 1986) (in order to eliminate individuals who might have difficulty with any temporary symptoms induced by the yohimbine manipulation).
Alcohol use of >2 units per day on one or more days during the past week
Any drug use during the past month
A score of *4 on the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND: Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker, & Fagerstrom, 1991) (in order to eliminate individuals that are moderately or heavily dependent smokers).

Study & Design

• Study Type: Interventional
• Study Design: Not specified

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
<p>Vividness of the memories during pretest, posttest and follow-up as measured<br /><br>with:<br /><br><br /><br>- VAS vividness<br /><br>- Memory Experiences Questionnaire short form (MEQ-SF)</p><br>

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
<p>Correlation between the level of arousal experienced during the EM intervention<br /><br>and the magnitude of the effect at posttest and follow-up (pretest-posttest and<br /><br>pretest-follow-differences in memory vividness). Measures of arousal include<br /><br>mean skin conductance levels (SCL) and heart rate (HR).</p><br>