Neurophysiological RCT of Qigong in Elderly with Depression
- Conditions
- Depression
- Interventions
- Behavioral: QigongBehavioral: Exercise
- Registration Number
- NCT05000788
- Lead Sponsor
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Brief Summary
Summary of Project:
Elderly depression is a common mood disorder and the individuals will have persistent low mood and self-absorption that adversely affect their quality of life. Cognitive deficits including attention and executive function are commonly seen in elderly with depression. Qigong, a mind-body practice, is found to have an anti-depressive effect and improve cognitive functions. Yet, the underlying mechanism is still elusive. Hence, the present study aims to conduct a randomized controlled trial to investigate how the practice of Eight-Section Brocades, a type of qigong, affects the function of the central nervous system in elderly with depression, as measured by fNIRS. A total of 60 elderly (based on power analysis 80% (β= 0.20) chance (α = 0.05, two-tailed)), aged 65 or above, with depressive mood as indicated by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) will be recruited and randomly assigned to the treatment (eight-section brocades) and control (exercise) groups. We anticipate that this ancient Chinese mind-body based practice will result in (1) decreased depressive moods and improved cognitive functions, and (2) acute changes in the functional brain activation patterns in the PFC in elderly with depression. The results of this study will shed light on the neurophysiological underpinnings of the therapeutic effects associated with qigong, which will be invaluable for designing intervention for elderly with depression.
- Detailed Description
Not available
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- RECRUITING
- Sex
- All
- Target Recruitment
- 60
- Elderly aged 65 years or above with depressive symptoms as indicated by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS).
- Current positive history of head injury, seizure, stroke, other CNS diseases, other comorbid psychiatric illness, or reports of strong suicidal ideation.
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- PARALLEL
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description Qigong Group Qigong - Exercise Group Exercise -
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Change in executive function as assessed by Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB®) Changes in time points: Baseline, at the end of the 8 weeks, 1 months after treatment The CANTAB, a computerised battery of neuropsychological tests, assesses behavioral changes in executive functioning. A test battery that assesses cognitive safety (Roiser et al. 2016) would be used in this study to tap into some of the key cognitive domains. This battery includes four neuropsychological tests which are the (a) Reaction Time (RTI; assesses processing speed and psychomotor speed), (b) Paired Associates Learning (PAL; assesses visual memory and new learning), (c) Spatial Working Memory (SWM, a measure of strategy as well as working memory errors; executive function) and (d) Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP; assess sustained attention). Also, an emotion recognition task (ERT) which measures the ability to identify emotions in facial expressions will be added to the cognitive safety battery. Six basic emotions will be covered. The total accuracy rate as well as the subscores for different emotions will be recorded to indicate basic emotion recognition ability.
Change in cognitive function as assessed by Attention Network Test Changes in time points: Baseline, at the end of the 8 weeks, 1 months after treatment To evaluate the therapeutic effects of qigong on cognitive functions, we assess a range of cognitive functions including attention, inhibition, and executive function:
Attention Network Test (ANT). The ANT is a variation from the Flanker test which assesses the efficiency of an individual's subsystems of attention (i.e. alerting, orienting, executive attention). The participants' task is to identify the direction of the central arrow by looking towards the corresponding direction, where either an upward or downward arrow will be presented. The difference of performance between the congruent and incongruent conditions represents inhibitory control ability. Neutral trials will also be presented for measuring simple attention.Change in cognitive function as assessed by verbal fluency task (VFT) Changes in time points: Baseline, at the end of the 8 weeks, 1 months after treatment Verbal fluency task (VFT). Executive functions are measured using the VFT. The experimental design of this task is adapted from previous fNIRS studies of verbal fluency where task blocks were interleaved with control blocks. Participants are required to generate exemplars of two semantic categories (i.e., animal and means of transportation) as many as possible, each for one minute, during the task blocks. This experimental task will begin with a 30-second phrase repetition period as a control, followed immediately by a 60-second task period (i.e, animal words), a 60-second control period, another 60-second task period (i.e., transportation words), and ended with another 60-second control period. The total measurement period is 270 seconds. The total number of correct and unique responses will be computed to reflect their fluency ability.
Change in cognitive function as assessed by N-back Task Changes in time points: Baseline, at the end of the 8 weeks, 1 months after treatment N-back Task. The N-back paradigm that assesses the updating of working memory is adapted and modified from previous neurophysiological studies that consists of 0-back (i.e., low working memory load), and 2-back (i.e., high working memory load) conditions. Each condition will be presented two times and the tasks will be performed alternately in blocks, separated by a 25-35 seconds rest block during which the participants will be instructed to relax and sit still. The order of the two task blocks will be randomized across participants to avoid order effects, and no condition will be repeated consecutively. Each target (a digit) is presented for 500 milliseconds, followed by an interstimulus interval of 1500 milliseconds. Each task block lasts for 45 seconds, and the total duration of the paradigm is 8 minutes. The accuracy rate and RT of this task will be calculated to reflect the capacity of working memory and processing speed.
Hemodynamic changes as assessed by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) Changes in time points: Baseline, at the end of the 8 weeks, 1 months after treatment fNIRS is a non-invasive neuroimaging procedure used to measure hemodynamic changes, in terms of oxyhemoglobin (HbO), deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) and total hemoglobin (HbT), associated with neuronal activities of the cerebral cortex in response to attending a task within the given period of time. Optical signals will be recorded on a two-wavelength (780 and 850 nm), continuous-wave optical imaging system (NIRSIT; OBELAB Co., Seoul, South Korea). The 48 channels with a 30-mm source-detector separation which cover the entire PFC area will be used in this study. In accordance with the international 10-20 EEG system, the center of the bottom probe row will be placed at the reference point Fpz. Consequently, channel 1 to channel 16 represent the right PFC, channel 17 to channel 32 the medial PFC, and channel 33 to channel 48 the left PFC. In addition, NIRSIT has an embedded gyroscope that enables online removal of motion artifacts.
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Change in mood as assessed by Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) Changes in time points: Baseline, at the end of the 8 weeks, 1 months after treatment Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). The participants' severity of depression was also measured using the 21-item Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II, with higher scores indicating a more severe degree of depression. The possible minimum score is 0, while the possible maximum score is 63.
Change in mood as assessed by Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) Changes in time points: Baseline, at the end of the 8 weeks, 1 months after treatment The participants' depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms were evaluated using the 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale \[34\]. The minimum possible raw score for the depression, anxiety, and stress subscales is 0, while the maximum possible raw score is 21 with higher scores indicating a greater degree of depression, anxiety, and stress. Raw scores on the DASS-21 will need to be multiplied by 2 to calculate the final score for severity labels (normal, mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe).
Change in mood as assessed by Personal Well Being Index (PWI) Changes in time points: Baseline, at the end of the 8 weeks, 1 months after treatment Personal Well Being Index (PWI; Lau et al., 2005). This is an 11-item scale ranging from '0' (extremely dissatisfied) to '10' (extremely satisfied) and used to assess subjective well-being of our participants. The PWI score is the mean of the seven life domains. The study conducted by Lau et al. (2005) showed that it was a reliable measure for use in Hong Kong \[36\]. The coefficient alpha of PWI was 0.80 and the item-total correlations of PWI ranged between 0.33 and 0.69 for Hong Kong Chinese population.
Trial Locations
- Locations (1)
Buddhist Ho L.F. Tak Elderly Social Centre
🇭🇰North Point, HK Island, Hong Kong