Clinical and Physiological Effects of Exercise Training in Symptomatic Patients With Mild COPD

Peripheral muscle mass and function can be impaired in patients with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Quadriceps cross-sectional area is reduced in these patients compared to controls [1], particularly in those with dyspnea as compared to non-dyspneic counterparts and smoker controls [2]. Reduced physical activity is closely related to peripheral muscle mass in mild COPD [1], suggesting that early therapeutic interventions are needed in this group of patients. In addition, reduced quadriceps mass is strongly associated to quadriceps weakness [3,4] and a substantial proportion of patients with mild COPD (28%) had quadriceps weakness [5]. Reduced muscle mass and resultant muscle weakness contribute to limiting exercise in COPD [6-8] and to reduce physical activity, particularly in mild disease [1].

Exercise training (ET) is widely used in patients with moderate-to-very-severe COPD to improve peripheral muscle function and thus exercise capacity and quality of life [9]. Unfortunately, the effects of ET in mild COPD are currently unclear. A recent systematic review identified three low-quality studies with different designs (retrospective, one group pre-posttest, and one randomized controlled trial) [10]. The authors found significant improvements in exercise capacity (effect size 0.87-1.82) and quality of life (effect size 0.24-0.86) after comparing pretest-posttest data and ET with usual care. Although these results are inconclusive and indicate that additional and more robust studies should be conducted [10], current recommendations to initiate ET include even mild disease if dyspnea or exercise limitation are present [11]. Since peripheral muscle mass and function improve with ET [9], the investigators hypothesize that this statement is correct and consequently ET will increase exercise capacity in dyspneic patients with mild COPD in comparison to usual care.

Patients will enter an 8-week ET program of 3 days per week supervised exercise training at the Rehabilitation Physiotherapy Gymnasium. Exercise training will include high-intensity endurance training at 60-80% of baseline peak work rate and strength training of upper and lower limbs with 3 sets of 6 repetitions at 50% of one repetition maximum [12,13]. Each session will be 60 min duration, 30 min dedicated to cycle exercise. The UC group will receive usual outpatient care and follow-up.

The study will require 30 patients per arm to detect an effect size of 0.88 [10] at the 5% significance level and with 80% power, allowing a dropout rate of 30%.