Effects of Acetaminophen on Pain Response Among Overweight or Obese Women Exposed to Weight Stigmatization

Baseline C-Reactive Protein

时间窗: Within the first 10 minutes of the two-hour session.

C-Reactive Protein (CRP) will be determined via dried blood spot analysis. The dried blood spots are collected within the first 10 minutes of the single, two-hour session. This CRP will be used an as objective measure of baseline inflammation.

Visual Analog Scale for Distress (change)

时间窗: Within the first hour and again within the final 30 minutes of the two-hour session.

The Visual Analog Scale for Distress (VAS-Distress) is a unidimensional measure of distress intensity consisting of a line measuring 100 millimeters anchored by two descriptors representing the extremes of distress: "no distress" versus "as distressed as I could possibly be." Participants mark on the line to indicate their current level of distress. Scores range from 0-100 with higher scores, or greater distress intensity, represented by mark's made farther from the "no distress" anchor. Change in distress will be measured by calculating the difference in VAS-Distress score at baseline and the score from the second VAS-Distress administration, which is administered within the final 30 minutes of the two-hour session.

Change in Prostaglandin level

时间窗: Within the first 10 minutes of the two-hour session and approximately ten minutes prior to the end of the two-hour session.

Change in prostaglandin level (measured via PGE2) will be assessed via difference in two saliva samples and will be utilized as an objective marker of change in inflammation over the course of the two-hour session. Change in prostaglandin level will be determined by calculating the difference between PGE2 level within the first 10 minutes of the two-hour session, and level of prostaglandins via saliva collection approximately ten minutes prior to ending the two-hour session.

Stigma Situations Inventory

时间窗: In the first hour of the two-hour session.

The Stigma Situations Inventory (SSI) is a 50-item questionnaire of lifetime frequency of obesity-related experiences rated on a 0 (never) to 9 (daily) scale. A higher mean score across all items suggesting greater experience of weight stigma. SSI is administered with a series of questionnaires in the first hour of the two-hour session and will provide a baseline measure of weight stigma experience.

McGill Pain Questionnaire (change)

时间窗: Within the first hour and again within the final 30 minutes of the two-hour session.

The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) will also be used to assess change in pain severity across sensory, affective, evaluative, and miscellaneous qualities of pain. Pain severity scores may range from 0-78 with high scores reflecting greater pain severity. The MPQ also consists of an overall pain intensity scale ranging from 0-5, with higher scores reflecting greater present pain intensity. Change in pain will be measured by calculating the difference in MPQ score at baseline and the score from the second MPQ administration, which is administered within the final 30 minutes of the two-hour session.

Visual Analog Scale for Pain (baseline)

时间窗: In the first hour of the two-hour session.

The Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS-Pain) will also be used to measure pain. This is a unidimensional measure of physical pain intensity consisting of a line measuring 100 millimeters anchored by two descriptors representing the extremes of pain: "no pain" versus "my pain is as bad as it could possibly be." Participants mark on the line to indicate their current level of pain. Scores range from 0-100 with higher scores, or greater pain intensity, represented by mark's made farther from the "no pain" anchor. Baseline pain will be measured via a VAS-Pain administered with a set of questionnaires in the first hour of the two-hour session.

Weight Bias Internalization Scale

时间窗: In the first hour of the two-hour session.

The Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS) is an 11-item scale measuring individuals' belief that anti-fat attitudes are relevant to the self. Items are answered on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree), with total scores ranging from 11 to 77. WBIS is administered with a series of questionnaires in the first hour of the two-hour session and will provide a baseline measure of belief that anti-fat attitudes are relevant to the self.

Baseline Prostaglandin level

时间窗: Within the first 10 minutes of the two-hour session

Prostaglandin level (measured via PGE2) will be assessed via saliva and will be utilized as an objective marker of baseline inflammation Baseline prostaglandin level will be determined by analyzing saliva collected within the first ten minutes of the single, two-hour session.

McGill Pain Questionnaire (baseline)

时间窗: In the first hour of the two-hour session.

The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) will be used to assess baseline pain severity across sensory, affective, evaluative, and miscellaneous qualities of pain. Pain severity scores may range from 0-78 with high scores reflecting greater pain severity. The MPQ also consists of an overall pain intensity scale ranging from 0-5, with higher scores reflecting greater present pain intensity. Baseline pain will be measured via an MPQ administered with a set of questionnaires in the first hour of the two-hour session.

Visual Analog Scale for Pain (change)

时间窗: Within the first hour and again within the final 30 minutes of the two-hour session.

The Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS-Pain) will also be used to measure pain. This is a unidimensional measure of physical pain intensity consisting of a line measuring 100 millimeters anchored by two descriptors representing the extremes of pain: "no pain" versus "my pain is as bad as it could possibly be." Participants mark on the line to indicate their current level of pain. Scores range from 0-100 with higher scores, or greater pain intensity, represented by mark's made farther from the "no pain" anchor. Change in pain will be measured by calculating the difference in VAS-Pain score at baseline and the score from the second VAS-Pain administration, which is administered within the final 30 minutes of the two-hour session.

Stigma Impact Scale

时间窗: In the first hour of the two-hour session.

The Stigma Impact Scale (SIS) is a 24-item measure used to evaluate the impact of perceived stigma among those with chronic illnesses. The term 'illness' has been changed to 'condition' to enhance applicability to participants in this study. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not applicable) to 4 (strongly agree). Total scores range from 0-96, with higher scores reflecting greater perceived impact of stigma. SIS is administered with a series of questionnaires in the first hour of the two-hour session and will provide a baseline measure of perceived impact of condition, in this case obesity, on the respondent.

Visual Analog Scale for Distress (baseline)

时间窗: In the first hour of the two-hour session

The Visual Analog Scale for Distress (VAS-Distress) is a unidimensional measure of distress intensity consisting of a line measuring 100 millimeters anchored by two descriptors representing the extremes of distress: "no distress" versus "as distressed as I could possibly be." Participants mark on the line to indicate their current level of distress. Scores range from 0-100 with higher scores, or greater distress intensity, represented by mark's made farther from the "no distress" anchor. Baseline distress will be measured via a VAS-Distress administered with a set of questionnaires in the first hour of the two-hour session.

Impact of Weight on Quality of Life

时间窗: In the first hour of the two-hour session.

The Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite (IWQOL-Lite) is a 31-item measure of obesity-related quality of life. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Total scores range from 31 to 155 with higher scores reflecting greater impact of weight on quality of life. IWQOL-Lite is administered with a series of questionnaires in the first hour of the two-hour session and will provide a baseline measure of impact of weight on quality of life.

Medical Outcomes Survey, Short-Form-36

时间窗: In the first hour of the two-hour session

The Medical Outcomes Survey, Short Form-36 (SF-36) is a 36-item measure of health-related quality of life. Mental and physical quality of life scores are calculated into a 0-100 scale, with higher scores reflecting better health-related quality of life. SF-36 is administered with a series of questionnaires in the first hour of the two-hour session and will provide a baseline measure of health-related quality of life.

Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (baseline)

时间窗: In the first hour of the two-hour session

The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a 20-item measure of positive and negative affect. A 5-point Likert scale is used to indicate the degree to which one is experiencing an emotion during the present moment. Total scores for the negative and positive affect subscales range from 10-50. PANAS is administered with a series of questionnaires in the first hour of the two-hour session and will provide a baseline measure of present moment emotional experience.

Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (change)

时间窗: Within the first hour and again within the final 30 minutes of the two-hour session.

The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a 20-item measure of positive and negative affect. A 5-point Likert scale is used to indicate the degree to which one is experiencing an emotion during the present moment. Total scores for the negative and positive affect subscales range from 10-50. Change in PANAS will be calculated and represent a change in present moment emotional experience during the course of the session. This will be calculated by determining the difference between PANAS scores at baseline and the second PANAS administration, which is administered within the final 30 minutes of the two-hour session.