Longitudinal Study of Biomechanical Changes in Pregnant and Postpartum Women

Pregnancy is a dynamic physiological process that brings about numerous changes in a woman’s body. It is a complex and transformative process that involves a wide range of physiological, hormonal, and biomechanical changes. These changes, which occur in response to the developing foetus and the body’s adaptations to support pregnancy, vary across the three trimesters. Each trimester of pregnancy marks a distinct phase, presenting unique challenges and requiring specific adaptations that influence maternal health.

The first trimester is characterized by early embryonic development and hormonal shifts that prepare the body for sustaining the pregnancy. The second trimester sees significant physical changes, such as the growth of the uterus and increased weight, which can affect posture, gait, and musculoskeletal health. By the third trimester, the body undergoes further adaptations, with increased weight gain and changes in the centre of gravity, which may lead to discomfort and postural imbalances. The assessment of pregnancy across these three trimesters is essential to understand the evolving physiological demands to maternal health. [1]

Lumbopelvic–hip region is primarily responsible for transferring the loads generated by body weight and gravity during functional activities such as sitting standing and walking. Child bearing age has a detrimental impact on the musculoskeletal system of mother and is associated with many physical impairments. Physiologically occurring hormonal changes during childbearing years lead to joint laxity particularly in pelvic joints. An impairment of the ability of transferring load between the trunk and lower limbs by sacroiliac joint.[1]

The continuous postural changes occurring during pregnancy is counterbalanced with compensatory changes in spinal column. These compensatory adaptations may lead to changes in pelvic inclination, lumbar and thoracic curvatures and foot posture.[3]

In the process of delivery, body weight increases greatly in the trunk (belly) during foetus growth, which leads to physique changes. Thus, the motor system adjusts accordingly to compensate these changes to keep postural balance and gait stability.[2]

Though the postural changes during pregnancy has been an area of study globally but in India especially, longitudinal research capturing trimester-wise biomechanical and anthropometric changes are sparse, making this study particularly relevant. Lack of trimester-wise biomechanical profiling limits intervention design for antenatal care in Indian contexts.

Hence, this study aims to study the anthropometric changes, postural alignment, gait analysis and balance, throughout the three trimesters of pregnancy and puerperium

By examining the changes in these key parameters during the course of pregnancy and Puerperium, this research will contribute to a better understanding of the challenges faced during different trimesters of pregnancy.

This knowledge is vital for developing targeted strategies to support women through the pregnancy journey, promoting a healthier and more comfortable experience for both the mother and the baby.