Effects of Epicatechin-enriched Dark Chocolate on Mitochondrial Function and Exercise Capacity in Patients With Both Diabetes and Heart Failure and in Sedentary Individuals
Trial Snapshot
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Status
- Completed
- Enrollment
- 21
- Locations
- 1
- Primary Endpoint
- Change from baseline in pre-specified biomarker levels in blood, skeletal muscle, and urine
Study Overview
Brief Summary
The major goal of this study is to characterize the ability of dark chocolate enriched in epicatechin (a component of dark chocolate) to improve the structural and functional features of mitochondria in two groups
- Patients with heart failure (HF) and type 2 diabetes (DM2) and
- Normal yet sedentary individuals with impaired baseline exercise capacity (as assessed by VO2 max)
We propose that a 3 month treatment with dark chocolate will lead to a significant improvement in exercise capacity which will be secondary to the improvement in skeletal muscle structure from epicatechin.
Detailed Description
The flavanol epicatechin (which is derived from cocoa and has no known toxicity in humans) has been shown in clinical trials to increase levels of nitric oxide (NO) as assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the brachial artery and measurements of circulating NO in plasma. NO is thought to be an activator of PGC-1 alpha [PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) alpha coactivator 1] which stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis. In both patients with heart failure and diabetes there is nitric oxide deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction. In our proposed double-blinded placebo controlled clinical trial, we will test the hypothesis that chronic administration of epicatechin to patients with both heart failure and diabetes will increase levels of NO and PGC-1 alpha leading to increased mitochondrial biogenesis and improved mitochondrial function. We believe similar changes will occur in sedentary individuals.
In a preliminary study with 5 patients with heart failure and diabetes (conducted under UCSD IRB protocol number #090688) we have shown that epicatechin enriched dark chocolate improves mitochondrial structure (Taub PR, Ramirez-Sanchez I, Ciaraldi TP, et al. Alterations in Skeletal Muscle Indicators of Mitochondrial Structure and Biogenesis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Heart Failure: Effects of Epicatechin Rich Cocoa. Clin Transl Sci. 2011;5(1):43-47.)
Study Design
- Study Type
- Interventional
- Allocation
- Randomized
- Intervention Model
- Parallel
- Masking
- Double (Participant, Investigator)
Eligibility Criteria
- Ages
- 40 Years to 70 Years (Adult, Older Adult)
- Sex
- All
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- Yes
Inclusion Criteria
- •Healthy, sedentary individuals:
- •Inclusion Criteria:
- •Healthy, inactive individuals
- •BMI 27-32
Exclusion Criteria
- •Smoking or quit smoking less than 1 year prior to enrollment
- •Currently taking Coumadin or Pradaxa.
- •Heart failure and diabetes patients:
- •Inclusion Criteria:
- •Medically diagnosed with heart failure and diabetes
- •No significant HbA1C fluctuations in past 6 months
- •Exclusion Criteria:
- •Currently taking Insulin
- •Currently taking Coumadin or Pradaxa.
- •Smoking or quit smoking less than 1 year prior to enrollment
Arms & Interventions
Sedentary
The sedentary arm will be randomly assigned to either epicatechin-enriched dark chocolate or low-epicatechin dark chocolate as a placebo. Participants will take one square of chocolate per day for 90 days.
Intervention: Epicatechin-enriched dark chocolate (Dietary Supplement)
Sedentary
The sedentary arm will be randomly assigned to either epicatechin-enriched dark chocolate or low-epicatechin dark chocolate as a placebo. Participants will take one square of chocolate per day for 90 days.
Intervention: Low-epicatechin dark chocolate (Other)
Heart failure/diabetes
The heart failure/diabetes arm will be randomly assigned to either epicatechin-enriched dark chocolate or low-epicatechin dark chocolate as a placebo. Participants will take one square of chocolate per day for 90 days.
Intervention: Epicatechin-enriched dark chocolate (Dietary Supplement)
Heart failure/diabetes
The heart failure/diabetes arm will be randomly assigned to either epicatechin-enriched dark chocolate or low-epicatechin dark chocolate as a placebo. Participants will take one square of chocolate per day for 90 days.
Intervention: Low-epicatechin dark chocolate (Other)
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Change from baseline in pre-specified biomarker levels in blood, skeletal muscle, and urine
Time Frame: Baseline and 3 months
Skeletal muscle biopsies and blood draws will be performed to obtain experimental samples.
Change from baseline in exercise capacity
Time Frame: Baseline and 3 months
Objectively evaluate exercise capacity through cycle ergometry to measure VO2 max.
Change from baseline in skeletal muscle metabolism
Time Frame: Baseline and 3 months
The change in skeletal muscle metabolism will be evaluated by magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Secondary Outcomes
No secondary outcomes reported
Investigators
Pam Taub, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
University of California, San Diego