Presence of Environmental Pollutants in Human Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques and Their Relationship With the Plaque Phenotype and Clinical Outcomes
Trial Snapshot
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Status
- Completed
- Enrollment
- 312
- Locations
- 1
- Primary Endpoint
- Incidence of a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, and all-cause mortality in patients with polluted vs non-polluted plaques
Study Overview
Brief Summary
Air pollution, microplastics and climate change pose serious public health risks. In recent years, air pollution has been associated with an increased risk of morbidity, all-cause mortality, cardio-respiratory-related mortality, and cancer.
A growing body of evidence has recently confirmed a direct association between particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 mm (PM2.5), Ozone (O3) and aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons with all-cause mortality irrespective of social context and geographic or economic disparities, suggesting a causal relationship between the two factors.
The effects of air and environmental pollutants on public health have been observed also for short-term exposure to rapid increases in particulate matter.
High PM 2.5 values have also been associated with a higher rate of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease expressed by high calcium score values, with the elderly, male and diabetic patients being at greater risk. To date, however, the pathophysiological basis of the relationship between air pollutants, and long-term events remains speculative, and there is no evidence that can correlate the concentration of environmental pollutants directly with anatomical-pathological and/or biomolecular alterations.
In this study the investigators will assess the presence and the burden of pollutants within the carotid plaques from patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy with pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and electronic microscopy. Plaque stability will be explored trough molecular markers. Participants will be followed up for a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, and all-cause mortality to evaluate whether the presence and the abundance of pollutants are associated with the development of the outcome through adjusted Cox regressions.
Detailed Description
Among patients with carotid stenosis (according to North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial classification) enlisted to undergo carotid endarterectomy for extracranial high-grade (>70%) internal carotid artery stenosis, the investigators will enroll 300 consecutive patients with asymptomatic disease. All patients will undergo a baseline clinical examination, with computed tomography or MRI to assess cerebral lesions, and health records will be collected. Clinical variables will be measured with standard procedures after overnight fasting. Patients with evidence of heart failure, valvular defects, malignant neoplasms, or secondary causes of hypertension will be excluded.
Specimens of the portion of carotid bifurcation that showed maximum disease will be obtained from atherectomy and will be cut in two halves and frozen in liquid nitrogen or fixed in in 10% buffered formalin for subsequent analyses.
Plaque specimens will be then used to assess the presence and the amount of volatile organic compounds and microplastics through pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
To corroborate these findings, plaque specimens will be also observed with transmission electron microscopy to visually identify microplastics within the atheroma and obtain further evidence and structural insights.
Plaques will be also analysed through immunohistochemistry, ELISAs, and Western Blot to quantify inflammatory, i.e. NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, NF-kB, and CD68, and plaque stability markers, i.e. MMP-9 and collagen, in order to explore whether the presence of microplastics is associated with a poorer plaque phenotype. The groups (composed post-hoc) of patients with polluted plaques vs non-polluted plaques will be compared for the expression of all these markers.
Study Design
- Study Type
- Observational
- Observational Model
- Cohort
- Time Perspective
- Prospective
Eligibility Criteria
- Ages
- 18 Years to 75 Years (Adult, Older Adult)
- Sex
- All
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- No
Inclusion Criteria
- •patients with carotid stenosis (according to North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial classification) enlisted to undergo carotid endarterectomy for extracranial high-grade (>70%) internal carotid artery stenosis.
Exclusion Criteria
- •All patients with clinical or laboratory evidence of heart failure, valvular defects, malignant neoplasms, or secondary causes of hypertension will be excluded from the study.
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Incidence of a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, and all-cause mortality in patients with polluted vs non-polluted plaques
Time Frame: 24 months
Patients will be categorized (post-hoc) as having polluted plaques (having detectable levels of at least one microplastics) or non-polluted plaques. Cox regression analysis will be used to examine the association between the presence of pollutants (yes/no) and the incidence of the composite outcome, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the prevalence of diabetes, dyslipidaemia, and smoking.
Secondary Outcomes
- Incidence of a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, and all-cause mortality according to terciles of pollutants burden(24 months)
Investigators
Raffaele Marfella
full professor
University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"