The Role of the MIND Diet in Alzheimer's Disease Patients: A Case-Control Study on Malnutrition and Depression

Questionnaire Form

时间窗: 4 months

Sociodemographic characteristics of the individuals (age, gender, smoking and alcohol use, constipation status, swallowing-chewing problem) were questioned.

Height

时间窗: 4 months

Height was measured using a stadiometer with the participant's head positioned in the Frankfort plane and feet placed together.

Body weight (BW)

时间窗: 4 months

BW was measured using a calibrated digital scale placed on a flat, tiled surface. The scale was sensitive to 100 grams.

LDL-Cholesterol

时间窗: 4 months

LDL-cholesterol was measured from fasting serum samples using standard enzymatic colorimetric methods.

Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF)

时间窗: 4 months

It is a screening tool used to evaluate malnutrition in elderly individuals. The tool includes six items that assess various factors such as appetite changes, unintentional weight loss over the past three months, neuropsychological issues, presence of psychological stress or acute illness, mobility, and BMI. Based on the total score, individuals are categorized into three nutritional status groups: 0-7 points: Malnourished (indicating nutritional deficiency), 8-11 points: At risk of malnutrition, 12-14 points: Normal nutritional status.

Waist Circumference (WC)

时间窗: 4 months

WC was measured at the midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest (cristal point) using a flexible measuring tape.

Hip Circumference (HC)

时间窗: 4 months

HC was measured at the widest point of the hips using a flexible measuring tape.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

时间窗: 4 months

BMI was calculated by dividing body weight (in kilograms) by the square of height (in meters): BMI = weight (kg) / height² (m²).

Fasting Blood Glucose

时间窗: 4 months

Fasting blood glucose was measured using standard laboratory techniques during routine outpatient visits.

Triglycerides

时间窗: 4 months

Triglyceride levels were measured via fasting blood samples analyzed in the outpatient clinic laboratory.

Vitamin D

时间窗: 4 months

Serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels were assessed using chemiluminescence immunoassay methods in the outpatient clinic laboratory.

Folic Acid

时间窗: 4 months

Serum folic acid levels were measured using standard automated immunoassay techniques.immunoassay methods in the outpatient clinic laboratory.

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

时间窗: 4 months

The BDI was developed to measure behavioral symptoms of depression in adolescents and adults. The inventory was revised to remove repetitive statements describing severity levels and to ask individuals to assess not only their mood on that day but also their mood over the past week. The scores obtained from the inventory are classified as follows to determine the severity of depression: 0-9 points: Minimal depression, 10-16 points: Mild depression, 17-29 points: Moderate depression, 30-63 points: Severe depression.

Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)

时间窗: 4 months

It was originally developed to assess the intensity and frequency of anxiety symptoms reported by individuals. This self-assessment tool comprises 21 items, each rated on a scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 (severely). The total possible score ranges between 0 and 63, and the anxiety level is interpreted based on the total score as follows: 0-7: Minimal anxiety, 8-15: Mild anxiety, 16-22: Moderate anxiety, 23-63: Severe anxiety.

Total Cholesterol

时间窗: 4 months

Total cholesterol was measured using routine biochemical analysis in a certified laboratory.

Albumin

时间窗: 4 months

Serum albumin levels were measured using routine laboratory procedures in outpatient visits.

Food Frequency Questionnaire

时间窗: 4 months

The foods consumed by individuals in the last month were evaluated across seven different groups, including five basic food groups (meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, bread and grains, vegetables and fruits, sugar and fats), beverages, and fast food. Participants were asked how often they consumed foods and beverages in these groups; responses were collected using the following options: "every meal," "every day," "5-6 days a week," "3-4 days a week," "1-2 days a week," "once every 15 days," "once a month," and "never." To determine the average daily consumption amounts based on consumption frequency, the following coefficients were used: 3 for "every meal," 1 for "every day," 0.7855 for "5-6 times a week," 0.498 for "3-4 times a week," 0.2145 for "1-2 times a week," 0.067 for "every 15 days," and 0.033 for "once a month."

Vitamin B12

时间窗: 4 months

Serum vitamin B12 concentrations were measured using automated chemiluminescent immunoassay.immunoassay methods in the outpatient clinic laboratory.

MIND diet compliance score

时间窗: 4 months

It includes a total of 15 different food groups, ten groups that protect brain health and five groups that harm brain health. By examining the Food Frequency Questionnaire of individuals, the amount of consumption of foods belonging to these 15 groups was divided into portions and evaluated in accordance with the scoring. It is scored between 0-15 and there is no cut-off point for determining compliance with the Mediterranean-Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet. It has been reported that the higher the score, the higher the compliance with the MIND diet. The Food Frequency Questionnaire of the items reflecting each MIND diet component were quantified in terms of how many days per week individuals consumed the food item.

Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI)

时间窗: 4 months

It was first introduced to evaluate the nutritional status of elderly, bedridden care patients. GNRI is calculated using height, weight and serum albumin values of the patients. GNRI \[1.489 x albumin (g/l)\] + \[ 41.7 x (body weight / ideal body weight)\]. According to the GNRI results, they are divided into four groups. Malnutrition grades are grouped as GNRI\<82; severe malnutrition, moderate malnutrition between 82-92, mild malnutrition between 92-98, and no risk for malnutrition above 98.