A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Psychological Intervention for Decreasing Bedtime Procrastination(BED PRO) Using a Wait-list Control Group in nonclinical populations
- Conditions
- Diseases of the nervous system
- Registration Number
- KCT0007337
- Lead Sponsor
- Sungshin Women's University
- Brief Summary
1. Primary outcomes There was a significant group X time interaction for the bedtime procrastination scale (BPS; p <.001), such that the treatment group showed significantly greater rates of reduction on the BPS (35.49%) compared to the wait-list control group (d = 2.17). The treatment group had an average reduction in BPS score of 12.98 from pre-assessment to post-assessment, compared to the wait-list control group who had an average reduction of 0.67 (see Figure 2). Post hoc comparisons were conducted for the treatment group compared to wait-list control group. As a result, the treatment group had an average reduction in BPS score of 12.98 points, which was significantly greater than the wait-list control group (p <.001). There was also a significant group X time interaction for bedtime procrastination duration (BPD) based on the sleep diary comparing the average effects of the treatment group to the wait-list control group (p =.003), such that the treatment group showed significantly greater rates of reduction in BPD (46.29 min) compared to the wait-list control group (4.55 min; d = 1.40). Both BPS and BPD were maintained at one-month follow-up following the intervention. There was also a significant group X time interaction for sleep efficiency (SE; d = 1.44). Post hoc comparisons were conducted for the treatment group compared to the wait-list control group. Results indicated a significant main effect for time was found for BPD and SE. Specifically, the treatment group had an average reduction in BPD of 48.46 minutes compared to pre-assessment to post-assessment (p <.001). Furthermore, the treatment group also had an average increase in SE of 5.70 percent compared to pre-assessment to post-assessment (p <.001). On the other hand, the wait-list control group had reduction in BPD of only of 4.55 minutes (p =.566) and increase of SE of 0.29 percent (p =.839) compared to pre-assessment to post-assessment (see Figure 2). Significant changes were found for BPS with participants in the wait-list control group reporting an average reduction of 11.99 points from pre-intervention to post-intervention (p <.001). However, there was no significant difference between the pre-assessment and one-month follow-up. 2. Secondary Outcomes There was a significant group X time interaction for the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI; p =.003), such that the treatment group showed significantly greater rates of reduction in ISI (38.54 %) compared to the wait-list control group (9.69%; d = 1.18). Post hoc comparisons were conducted for the treatment group compared to wait-list control group. As a result, the treatment group had an average reduction in ISI score of 3.95 points, which was significantly greater than the wait-list control group (p <.001). Significant group X time interactions were also found for the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS; p <.0001), with the treatment group showing significantly greater rates of reductions compared to the wait-list control group (d = 0.43). Significant group X time interactions were also found for the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; p =.039), with the treatment group showing significantly greater rates of reductions compared to the wait-list control group (d = 0.40). 3. Functional Analysis Qualitative analysis of the function of bedtime procrastination was performed in both the treatment group and the wait-list control group. Data from 43 participants were used for analysis, but since duplicate responses were allowed, the total frequency of responses was 83. The sum of the response ratios for each item was 193%. Among the total frequency of responses, emotional regulation (31.3%) and compensation (26.5%) showed the most frequent responses for engaging in bedtime procrastination.
- Detailed Description
Not available
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- Completed
- Sex
- All
- Target Recruitment
- 60
Sixty participants free of insomnia or psychopathology who endorsed that they frequently engage in bedtime procrastination were selected to participate in the study. Individuals who scored 33 or higher on the bedtime procrastination scale (BPS) were included in the study, based on previous studies using this cut-off score (Chung et al., 2020). Participants were recruited from March 2019 to July 2020 using advertisements through online community postings and offline fliers. A total of 134 volunteers were screened for the study, and 74 potential participants were selected based on inclusion criteria. Next, telephone screening interviews were conducted to ensure that participants met inclusion criteria. A total of 60 participants were randomly assigned to either the treatment group or the wait-list control group (32 participants in the treatment group, 28 participants in the wait-list control group).
Specific exclusion criteria were: (a) scores of 15 or higher on the Insomnia Severity Index (b) history of suicide attempts; (c) previous diagnosis of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and other sleep disorders; (c) currently taking sleep-related medication; and (d) being a shift worker.
Study & Design
- Study Type
- Interventional Study
- Study Design
- Not specified
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method