A Multicenter Prospective Observational Study of the Incidence and Predictors of Complications Directly Related to Lymphadenectomy (LAD) in Surgical Treatment of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC).

Non-small cell lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality. Surgical treatment in resectable stages is considered the main radical modality, and systematic mediastinal lymph node dissection is an integral part of this approach. Mediastinal Lymph Node Dissection (MLND) ensures accurate pathomorphological staging, enables detection of subclinical lymph node involvement and improves the quality of locoregional control. At the same time, extending the volume of lymph node dissection increases the invasiveness of the procedure and may lead to serious specific complications.

In routine clinical practice, data on the incidence of these complications and on the risk factors for their development are limited and fragmented, which makes it difficult to assess the risk-benefit ratio when choosing the extent of lymph node dissection for an individual patient.

Published data on the incidence of complications after mediastinal lymph node dissection are highly variable, which is related to differences in study design, complication recording criteria, extent of lymph node dissection and surgeon experience. In addition, most reports are based on data from highly specialized centers and do not fully reflect routine clinical practice. The limited and heterogeneous nature of the available information hinders the development of clear recommendations for risk stratification.

It is assumed that the likelihood of complications is influenced by both surgical factors (extent and anatomical field of lymph node dissection, surgical approach - thoracotomy vs. video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, duration of the operation, intraoperative blood loss) and patient-related characteristics (age, comorbidities, functional status, tumor location and stage). However, the independent contribution of each of these factors has not been fully defined.

The aim of the present study is to systematize data on the real-world incidence and pattern of complications directly related to Mediastinal Lymph Node Dissection in routine practice and, using multivariable analysis, to identify independent predictors of their development. Evaluating these parameters will make it possible to: